In eating disorders (EDs), the body becomes the primary channel through which psychological suffering is expressed, being constantly observed, judged, and controlled, to the point of being perceived as alien to oneself (Mirabella et al., 2023). Dysfunctional body experience depends on individual factors, such as biological and psychological aspects, but is strongly influenced by the sociocultural context. The internalization of unrealistic aesthetic ideals and the pressure to conform to such models generate body dissatisfaction and dysfunctional eating behaviors aimed at modifying or controlling a body perceived as inadequate (Nerini et al., 2009; Stice, 2002). Fredrickson and Roberts’ (1997) objectification theory helps to understand how the social representation of the female body contributes to the development of EDs. From a young age, women are exposed to media images promoting unattainable beauty ideals and experience aesthetic pressures fueled by a consumerist culture that elevates appearance as a central value (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997, in Alleva & Tylka, 2021; Wolf, 1991). Internalizing these ideals does not only entail conscious adherence, but also activates a process of self-objectification: the individual learns to observe and evaluate their own body through the perspective of the Other. This creates a distance between subjective bodily experience and the observed image, reduces interoceptive awareness, and increases emotional vulnerability to negative emotions such as body shame and appearance-related anxiety. These emotions promote behavioral strategies for managing body image, such as body concealment, aimed at avoiding others’ gaze, and body exposure, aimed at seeking it (Cervone et al., 2025). These behaviors are not simple choices but strategies rooted in the relationship with body image and self-objectification processes. Both entail psychological costs: defensive withdrawal may increase the risk of dysfunctional eating symptoms, while adherence to social visibility reinforces dependence on dominant aesthetic standards (Cervone et al., 2025). In a context that primarily values the body as an aesthetic object, body and functional appreciation emerge as protective perspectives. Valuing the body for its capacities and functions reduces the need to resort to body concealment, promoting a more authentic and positive relationship with oneself (Abbott & Barber, 2010, in Alleva & Tylka, 2021; Alleva et al., 2015; Golmohamadi et al., 2025). Current research has explored the mediating role of body concealment in the relationship between positive body image (body and functional appreciation) and the risk of EDs. Mediation analysis showed that body and functional appreciation reduces the risk of EDs partially through the reduction of body concealment. In summary, body concealment constitutes both an indicator of psychological vulnerability and a mechanism that maintains suffering, requiring attention from mental health professionals (Cervone et al., 2025). Body and functional appreciation, on the other hand, represent protective factors capable of reducing reliance on such strategies and the risk of EDs. These findings highlight the importance of psychoeducational and psychological support interventions aimed at strengthening positive body image, shifting the focus from the body as an aesthetic object to be controlled or hidden from others’ gaze, toward the recognition of the body as a dynamic and vital process, whose capacities and functions deserve respect and gratitude regardless of dominant aesthetic ideals (Abbott & Barber, 2010, in Alleva & Tylka, 2021; Alleva et al., 2015; Golmohamadi et al., 2025).
Nei disturbi del comportamento alimentare (DCA), il corpo diventa il principale canale attraverso cui si manifesta la sofferenza psicologica, essendo costantemente osservato, giudicato e controllato, fino a essere percepito come estraneo a sé (Mirabella et al., 2023). Il vissuto disfunzionale del corpo dipende da fattori individuali, come aspetti biologici e psicologici, ma è fortemente influenzato dal contesto socioculturale. L’interiorizzazione di ideali estetici irrealistici e la pressione a conformarsi a tali modelli generano insoddisfazione corporea e comportamenti alimentari disfunzionali volti a modificare o controllare un corpo percepito come inadeguato (Nerini et al., 2009; Stice, 2002). La teoria dell’oggettivazione di Fredrickson e Roberts (1997) aiuta a comprendere come la rappresentazione sociale del corpo femminile contribuisca allo sviluppo di DCA. Fin dalla giovane età, le donne sono esposte a immagini mediatiche che promuovono ideali di bellezza inaccessibili e subiscono pressioni estetiche alimentate da una cultura consumistica che esalta l’apparenza come valore centrale (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997, in Alleva & Tylka, 2021; Wolf, 1991). L’interiorizzazione di questi ideali non comporta solo un’adesione consapevole, ma attiva un processo di auto-oggettivazione: l’individuo impara a osservare e valutare il proprio corpo assumendo lo sguardo dell’Altro. Questo genera distanza tra esperienza corporea soggettiva e immagine osservata, riduce la consapevolezza interocettiva e aumenta la vulnerabilità a emozioni negative come vergogna corporea e ansia per l’aspetto. Tali emozioni favoriscono strategie comportamentali di gestione dell’immagine corporea, come il body concealment, finalizzato a sottrarsi allo sguardo altrui, e il body exposure, volto a ricercarlo (Cervone et al., 2025). Questi comportamenti non sono semplici scelte, ma strategie radicate nella relazione con l’immagine corporea e nei processi di auto-oggettivazione. Entrambe comportano costi psicologici: il ritiro difensivo può aumentare il rischio di sintomi alimentari disfunzionali, mentre l’adesione alla visibilità sociale rafforza la dipendenza dagli standard estetici dominanti (Cervone et al., 2025). In un contesto che valorizza il corpo principalmente come oggetto estetico, l’apprezzamento corporeo e funzionale emerge come prospettiva protettiva. Valorizzare il corpo per le sue capacità e funzioni riduce la necessità di ricorrere al body concealment, promuovendo una relazione più autentica e positiva con sé stessi (Abbott & Barber, 2010, in Alleva & Tylka, 2021; Alleva et al., 2015; Golmohamadi et al., 2025). La ricerca attuale ha esplorato il ruolo mediatorio del body concealment nella relazione tra immagine corporea positiva (apprezzamento corporeo e funzionale) e rischio di DCA. L’analisi di mediazione ha mostrato che l’apprezzamento del corpo e delle sue funzioni limita il rischio di DCA parzialmente attraverso la riduzione del body concealment. In sintesi, il body concealment costituisce sia un indicatore di vulnerabilità psicologica sia un meccanismo che mantiene la sofferenza, richiedendo attenzione da parte dei professionisti della salute mentale (Cervone et al., 2025). L’apprezzamento corporeo e funzionale rappresenta invece un fattore protettivo in grado di ridurre il ricorso a tali strategie e il rischio di DCA. Questi risultati sottolineano l’importanza di interventi psicoeducativi e di supporto psicologico volti a rafforzare l’immagine corporea positiva, spostando il focus dal corpo come oggetto estetico da controllare o nascondere allo sguardo altrui, verso il riconoscimento del corpo come processo dinamico e vitale, le cui capacità e funzioni meritano rispetto e gratitudine indipendentemente dagli ideali estetici dominanti (Abbott & Barber, 2010, in Alleva & Tylka, 2021; Alleva et al., 2015; Golmohamadi et al., 2025).
Il corpo come luogo di vulnerabilità e risorsa: il ruolo del body concealment nella relazione tra immagine corporea positiva e rischio di disturbi del comportamento alimentare
CANAZZA, ISABELLA
2024/2025
Abstract
In eating disorders (EDs), the body becomes the primary channel through which psychological suffering is expressed, being constantly observed, judged, and controlled, to the point of being perceived as alien to oneself (Mirabella et al., 2023). Dysfunctional body experience depends on individual factors, such as biological and psychological aspects, but is strongly influenced by the sociocultural context. The internalization of unrealistic aesthetic ideals and the pressure to conform to such models generate body dissatisfaction and dysfunctional eating behaviors aimed at modifying or controlling a body perceived as inadequate (Nerini et al., 2009; Stice, 2002). Fredrickson and Roberts’ (1997) objectification theory helps to understand how the social representation of the female body contributes to the development of EDs. From a young age, women are exposed to media images promoting unattainable beauty ideals and experience aesthetic pressures fueled by a consumerist culture that elevates appearance as a central value (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997, in Alleva & Tylka, 2021; Wolf, 1991). Internalizing these ideals does not only entail conscious adherence, but also activates a process of self-objectification: the individual learns to observe and evaluate their own body through the perspective of the Other. This creates a distance between subjective bodily experience and the observed image, reduces interoceptive awareness, and increases emotional vulnerability to negative emotions such as body shame and appearance-related anxiety. These emotions promote behavioral strategies for managing body image, such as body concealment, aimed at avoiding others’ gaze, and body exposure, aimed at seeking it (Cervone et al., 2025). These behaviors are not simple choices but strategies rooted in the relationship with body image and self-objectification processes. Both entail psychological costs: defensive withdrawal may increase the risk of dysfunctional eating symptoms, while adherence to social visibility reinforces dependence on dominant aesthetic standards (Cervone et al., 2025). In a context that primarily values the body as an aesthetic object, body and functional appreciation emerge as protective perspectives. Valuing the body for its capacities and functions reduces the need to resort to body concealment, promoting a more authentic and positive relationship with oneself (Abbott & Barber, 2010, in Alleva & Tylka, 2021; Alleva et al., 2015; Golmohamadi et al., 2025). Current research has explored the mediating role of body concealment in the relationship between positive body image (body and functional appreciation) and the risk of EDs. Mediation analysis showed that body and functional appreciation reduces the risk of EDs partially through the reduction of body concealment. In summary, body concealment constitutes both an indicator of psychological vulnerability and a mechanism that maintains suffering, requiring attention from mental health professionals (Cervone et al., 2025). Body and functional appreciation, on the other hand, represent protective factors capable of reducing reliance on such strategies and the risk of EDs. These findings highlight the importance of psychoeducational and psychological support interventions aimed at strengthening positive body image, shifting the focus from the body as an aesthetic object to be controlled or hidden from others’ gaze, toward the recognition of the body as a dynamic and vital process, whose capacities and functions deserve respect and gratitude regardless of dominant aesthetic ideals (Abbott & Barber, 2010, in Alleva & Tylka, 2021; Alleva et al., 2015; Golmohamadi et al., 2025).| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/100110