Textile remains from antiquity are rarely preserved in the archaeological record. When the wool fibers survive, they often offer some information about the original material culture associated with ancient textile production, trade, and animal husbandry. This study compares eight first-century CE wool textiles recovered from archaeological sites in Italy with wool from seven modern heritage sheep breeds. The archaeological samples are reused textile materials in shipbuilding techniques from two shipwrecks at Comacchio and Lake Nemi. Based on scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the micro-morphology of all textile yarns was characterized, and single-fiber diameters were cross-sectionally measured to investigate the origins of the raw materials and wool-processing techniques. The results reveal significant variation in weaving and spinning techniques among the textiles. The four Comacchio samples show wool diameter distributions similar to modern Northern European short-tailed sheep. Two other Comacchio samples with unique fiber types are linked to indigenous sheep breeds from the Abruzzo region of Italy. The two samples from the Lake Nemi shipwreck exhibit fineness comparable to modern Merino fine-wool sheep, although the evidence suggests that a clear relationship between them remains uncertain. Most archaeological wool undergoes some degree of sorting or combing, and the Lake Nemi samples show the highest quality. This study further places the analytical results within a broader archaeological context through a systematic review of the literature, thereby enhancing both the robustness of the data and the reliability of the conclusions.
I resti tessili dell’antichità raramente si conservano nel record archeologico. Quando le fibre di lana sopravvivono, esse possono offrire informazioni preziose sulla cultura materiale originaria legata alla produzione tessile antica, al commercio e alla gestione degli animali. Questo studio confronta otto tessuti di lana del I secolo d.C., recuperati da siti archeologici in Italia, con la lana proveniente da sette razze ovine storiche. I campioni archeologici sono materiali tessili riutilizzati in tecniche di costruzione navale, provenienti da due relitti: quello di Comacchio e quello del Lago di Nemi. Attraverso la microscopia elettronica a scansione (SEM), sono state caratterizzate la micro-morfologia di tutti i filati tessili e misurate trasversalmente le sezioni delle singole fibre, al fine di indagare l’origine delle materie prime e le tecniche di lavorazione della lana. I risultati rivelano una notevole variabilità nelle tecniche di tessitura e filatura. I quattro campioni di Comacchio mostrano distribuzioni di diametro della lana simili a quelle delle moderne pecore nord-europee a coda corta. Altri due campioni di Comacchio, con caratteristiche fibrose peculiari, risultano invece collegati a razze ovine autoctone della regione Abruzzo. I due campioni provenienti dal relitto del Lago di Nemi presentano una finezza paragonabile a quella delle moderne pecore Merino da lana fine, sebbene le evidenze suggeriscano che il rapporto tra questi campioni resti ancora incerto. La maggior parte delle lane archeologiche mostra un certo grado di cernita o pettinatura, e i campioni di Nemi rappresentano il livello qualitativo più elevato. Questo studio colloca inoltre i risultati analitici in un più ampio contesto archeologico attraverso una revisione sistematica della letteratura, rafforzando così la solidità dei dati e l’affidabilità delle conclusioni.
Sheep Breed Origins and Raw Material Processing in Wool Textiles: An Archaeometric Study of Roman Shipwrecks from Comacchio and Nemi, Italy
CHENG, YU
2024/2025
Abstract
Textile remains from antiquity are rarely preserved in the archaeological record. When the wool fibers survive, they often offer some information about the original material culture associated with ancient textile production, trade, and animal husbandry. This study compares eight first-century CE wool textiles recovered from archaeological sites in Italy with wool from seven modern heritage sheep breeds. The archaeological samples are reused textile materials in shipbuilding techniques from two shipwrecks at Comacchio and Lake Nemi. Based on scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the micro-morphology of all textile yarns was characterized, and single-fiber diameters were cross-sectionally measured to investigate the origins of the raw materials and wool-processing techniques. The results reveal significant variation in weaving and spinning techniques among the textiles. The four Comacchio samples show wool diameter distributions similar to modern Northern European short-tailed sheep. Two other Comacchio samples with unique fiber types are linked to indigenous sheep breeds from the Abruzzo region of Italy. The two samples from the Lake Nemi shipwreck exhibit fineness comparable to modern Merino fine-wool sheep, although the evidence suggests that a clear relationship between them remains uncertain. Most archaeological wool undergoes some degree of sorting or combing, and the Lake Nemi samples show the highest quality. This study further places the analytical results within a broader archaeological context through a systematic review of the literature, thereby enhancing both the robustness of the data and the reliability of the conclusions.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/100717