The innovative use of concrete by Romans highlights their remarkable engineering skills. The longevity of many Roman structures, which have survived through time to natural hazards and human destruction throughout the centuries, illustrates their resilient construction methods. This thesis explores the extraordinary longevity of ancient Roman building materials, specifically focusing on the ancient Roman mortars utilised by the Roman Emperor Hadrian in 2nd century AD. This case study presents an analysis of the Roccabruna tower at Hadrian's Villa, focusing on the materials used in its construction. Samples were taken from different parts of the building, including remnants of collapsed structures. The enduring stability of Hadrian's era structures is often linked to the exceptional quality of their mortars. This research investigates the mortar recipes used, aiming to uncover the origins of the raw materials and the specific formulas employed by builders at the time. Additionally, the study delves into the historical and architectural context of Villa Adriana, including its potential functions and the geological characteristics of the Tivoli area, particularly the Albani Hills, while reviewing existing literature on mortar technology and chemistry. A multi-analytical characterization approach was employed to investigate the pozzolanic binding composites used in the Roccabruna tower. Techniques such as X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD), Optical Microscopy (OM), and Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) were applied for mineral identification, microstructural analysis and detailed micro-analysis, respectively. Gravimetric separation was also utilized to isolate the binder component. Furthermore, Vickers Micro-Indentation Testing was performed to evaluate the micro-hardness of the chosen mortar samples. This study proposes micro-indentation testing, often utilized for metals, ceramics, or current cementitious materials, as an exploratory method to evaluate the micro-mechanical behaviour of ancient lime–pozzolan Roman mortars, which are rarely subjected to such analysis. By integrating these findings, the study aims to elucidate the chemical reactions within the mortars and reconstruct the original material recipes, thereby enhancing our understanding of ancient Roman material science and its architectural legacy.
L'uso innovativo del calcestruzzo da parte dei Romani evidenzia le loro straordinarie capacità ingegneristiche. La longevità di molte strutture romane, che hanno resistito a conflitti e disastri naturali nel corso dei secoli, dimostra la sofisticatezza dei loro metodi di costruzione. Questa tesi esplora la straordinaria longevità dei materiali da costruzione dell'antica Roma, concentrandosi in particolare sulle malte romane utilizzate dall'imperatore Adriano nel II secolo d.C. Questo caso studio presenta un'analisi della torre di Roccabruna a Villa Adriana, concentrandosi sui materiali utilizzati nella sua costruzione. Sono stati prelevati campioni da diverse parti dell'edificio, compresi i resti delle strutture crollate. La stabilità delle strutture dell'epoca di Adriano è spesso collegata all'eccezionale qualità delle loro malte. Questa ricerca indaga le ricette delle malte utilizzate, con l'obiettivo di scoprire le origini delle materie prime e le formule specifiche impiegate dai costruttori dell'epoca. Inoltre, lo studio approfondisce il contesto storico e architettonico di Villa Adriana, comprese le sue potenziali funzioni e le caratteristiche geologiche dell'area di Tivoli, in particolare i Colli Albani, esaminando la letteratura esistente sulla tecnologia e la chimica delle malte. È stato utilizzato un approccio di caratterizzazione multi-analitico per studiare i composti leganti pozzolanici utilizzati nella torre di Roccabruna. Tecniche quali la diffrazione ai raggi X delle polveri (XRPD), la microscopia ottica (OM) e la microscopia elettronica a scansione con spettroscopia a dispersione di energia (SEM-EDS) sono state applicate rispettivamente per l'identificazione dei profili mineralogici, l'analisi microstrutturale e la microanalisi dettagliata. È stata inoltre utilizzata la separazione gravimetrica per isolare la componente legante Inoltre, sono stati eseguiti test di micro-indentazione Vickers per valutare la microdurezza dei campioni di malta scelti. Questo studio propone il test di micro-indentazione, spesso utilizzato per metalli, ceramiche o materiali cementizi attuali, come metodo esplorativo per valutare il comportamento micromeccanico delle malte romane antiche a calce e pozzolana, che raramente vengono sottoposte a tale analisi. Integrando questi risultati, lo studio mira a chiarire le reazioni chimiche all'interno delle malte e a ricostruire le ricette originali dei materiali, migliorando così la nostra comprensione della scienza dei materiali dell'antica Roma e del suo patrimonio architettonico.
Material Properties of Hadrianic Mortars: The Case Study of Roccabruna, Villa Adriana
PERUMAL, JAYASHREE LAKSHMI
2024/2025
Abstract
The innovative use of concrete by Romans highlights their remarkable engineering skills. The longevity of many Roman structures, which have survived through time to natural hazards and human destruction throughout the centuries, illustrates their resilient construction methods. This thesis explores the extraordinary longevity of ancient Roman building materials, specifically focusing on the ancient Roman mortars utilised by the Roman Emperor Hadrian in 2nd century AD. This case study presents an analysis of the Roccabruna tower at Hadrian's Villa, focusing on the materials used in its construction. Samples were taken from different parts of the building, including remnants of collapsed structures. The enduring stability of Hadrian's era structures is often linked to the exceptional quality of their mortars. This research investigates the mortar recipes used, aiming to uncover the origins of the raw materials and the specific formulas employed by builders at the time. Additionally, the study delves into the historical and architectural context of Villa Adriana, including its potential functions and the geological characteristics of the Tivoli area, particularly the Albani Hills, while reviewing existing literature on mortar technology and chemistry. A multi-analytical characterization approach was employed to investigate the pozzolanic binding composites used in the Roccabruna tower. Techniques such as X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD), Optical Microscopy (OM), and Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) were applied for mineral identification, microstructural analysis and detailed micro-analysis, respectively. Gravimetric separation was also utilized to isolate the binder component. Furthermore, Vickers Micro-Indentation Testing was performed to evaluate the micro-hardness of the chosen mortar samples. This study proposes micro-indentation testing, often utilized for metals, ceramics, or current cementitious materials, as an exploratory method to evaluate the micro-mechanical behaviour of ancient lime–pozzolan Roman mortars, which are rarely subjected to such analysis. By integrating these findings, the study aims to elucidate the chemical reactions within the mortars and reconstruct the original material recipes, thereby enhancing our understanding of ancient Roman material science and its architectural legacy.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/100742