The Rosetta bead, a multi-layered glass polychrome artefact invented in Venice in the late fifteenth century, represents one of the most sophisticated achievements of glassmaking. Its defining feature is the intricate star-shaped pattern visible in cross-section. While its role as a global trade commodity is well-documented in historical and ethnographical literature, the specific technological procedures governing its manufacture – the chemical formulation of the glass layers and the manufacture technology – remain insufficiently studied, especially for the early Renaissance artefacts. This thesis presents a comprehensive archaeometric investigation of representative samples from a large assemblage of Rosetta-type glass canes, intermediate products, beads, and production waste (flakes) discovered in Sacile (Friuli Venezia Giulia region, Italy). Previously attributed to a protohistoric horizon, this collection offers a unique opportunity to investigate the material reality of Rosetta bead-making beyond the confines of the Venetian lagoon. The research aims to verify the provenance, dating, and production technology of the Sacile finds through a multi-analytical diagnostic approach. Selected samples were characterised using stereomicroscopy, reflected-light optical microscopy (OM-RL), and scanning electron microscopy imaging (SEM-BSE) for morphological and micro-textural analysis. Subsequently, SEM coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and micro energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (µEDXRF) were employed for the quantitative chemical analysis of major, minor, and trace elements, while micro X-ray diffraction (µXRD) was used to identify crystalline phases in the opaque layers. Analytical results unequivocally confirm a Renaissance Venetian provenance for the Sacile assemblage. The base glass is silica-soda-lime in composition glass, with potassium and magnesium contents consistent with the use of Mediterranean halophytic plant ashes as a flux. Compositionally, the base glass of Rosetta beads from Sacile matches the compositional ranges of Venetian common glass or vitrum blanchum, ruling out the use of the highly purified cristallo for these productions. The investigation of colouring and opacifying agents reveals a strict adherence to historical Muranese recipes and demonstrates a close consistency with a previous analytical study on Renaissance Rosetta beads recovered from the Venetian Lagoon. The blue layers are coloured with cobalt associated with arsenic, bismuth, and nickel, a signature of the German cobalt ore (zaffre) imported to Venice from the 1520s; the opaque red layers (rosso in corpo) rely on a redox mechanism involving metallic copper nanoparticles precipitated by the reducing action of iron and tin; the white layers derive their opacity from cassiterite (SnO2) crystals originating from a lead-tin calx, and from malayaite (CaSnSiO5) formed in situ. Furthermore, the chromatic and chemical variability observed in the transparent layers points to the extensive recycling of glass cullet in the base glass batch. In conclusion, this study critically reassesses the earlier protohistoric interpretation of the site, redefining the Sacile assemblage as a coherent deposit of Renaissance glass materials having a Venetian provenance. The presence of intermediate products and processing waste (flakes) suggests that this site may have served as a centre for secondary finishing. By bridging the gap between archival sources and material evidence, this thesis contributes a scientific dataset to the history of Venetian glass technology, illuminating the complex operational chain behind one of its most iconic and enduring creations.
La perla vitrea Rosetta, manufatto policromo multistrato inventato a Venezia alla fine del XV secolo, rappresenta una delle realizzazioni più sofisticate dell'arte vetraria. La sua caratteristica distintiva è l'intricato motivo a forma di stella visibile in sezione trasversale. Sebbene il suo ruolo come merce di scambio globale sia ben documentato nella letteratura storica ed etnografica, le specifiche procedure tecnologiche che ne regolano la produzione – la composizione chimica degli strati di vetro e le tecniche di fabbricazione – rimangono insufficientemente studiate, soprattutto per i manufatti del primo Rinascimento. Questa tesi presenta un'indagine archeometrica su alcuni campioni rappresentativi di un ampio rinvenimento di canne di vetro, semilavorati, perle e scarti di produzione di tipo Rosetta rinvenuti a Sacile (regione Friuli Venezia Giulia, Italia). Precedentemente attribuita a un periodo protostorico, questa collezione offre un'opportunità unica per indagare la realtà materiale della produzione di perle Rosetta oltre i confini della laguna di Venezia. La ricerca mira a verificare la provenienza, la datazione e la tecnologia di produzione dei reperti rinvenuti a Sacile attraverso un approccio diagnostico multi-analitico. I campioni selezionati sono stati caratterizzati utilizzando la stereomicroscopia, la microscopia ottica a luce riflessa (OM-RL) e l’imaging al microscopio elettronico a scansione (SEM-BSE) per l'analisi morfologica e micro-tessiturale. Successivamente, il SEM abbinato alla spettroscopia a dispersione di energia (SEM-EDS) e la micro-fluorescenza a raggi X a dispersione di energia (µEDXRF) sono stati utilizzati per l'analisi chimica quantitativa degli elementi maggiori, minori e in traccia, mentre la micro-diffrazione a raggi X (µXRD) è stata utilizzata per identificare le fasi cristalline negli strati opachi. I risultati analitici confermano inequivocabilmente la provenienza rinascimentale veneziana della campionatura di Sacile. La composizione del vetro di base è stata identificata come silico-sodico-calcica, con contenuti di potassio e magnesio compatibili con l'uso di ceneri vegetali alofite mediterranee come fondente. Dal punto di vista compositivo, il vetro di base delle perle Rosetta di Sacile è comparabile con il vetro comune veneziano o vitrum blanchum, escludendo l'uso del cristallo altamente purificato per queste produzioni. L'analisi degli agenti coloranti e opacizzanti rivela una rigorosa aderenza alle ricette storiche muranesi e dimostra una stretta corrispondenza con un precedente studio analitico su perle Rosetta rinascimentali recuperate dalla Laguna Veneta. Gli strati blu sono colorati con cobalto associato ad arsenico, bismuto e nichel, una caratteristica dello zaffre tedesco importato a Venezia a partire dal 1520; gli strati rossi opachi (rosso in corpo) si basano su un meccanismo redox che coinvolge nanoparticelle di rame metallico precipitate dall'azione riducente del ferro e dello stagno; gli strati bianchi devono la loro opacità ai cristalli di cassiterite (SnO2) provenienti da una calce di piombo-stagno, e alla malayaite (CaSnSiO5) formatasi in situ. Inoltre, la variabilità cromatica e chimica osservata negli strati trasparenti indica un ampio riciclaggio di rottami di vetro nella miscela del vetro di base. In conclusione, questo studio ha permesso di ridefinire Sacile come un sito di rinvenimento di materiale vetroso rinascimentale di provenienza veneziana. La presenza di prodotti semilavorati e di scarti di lavorazione (scaglie) suggerisce che tale sito possa essere stato utilizzato come centro di finitura secondaria. Colmando il divario tra le fonti archivistiche e le prove materiali, questa tesi contribuisce con un dataset scientifico alla storia della tecnologia del vetro veneziano, mettendo in luce la complessa catena operativa che sta dietro a una delle sue creazioni più iconiche e durature.
An Unexpected Find of an Important Secondary Production Centre of Rosetta Beads from Muranese Glass Canes in Sacile (Venetian Hinterland): The Role of Archaeometric Investigation in Attributing and Dating Glass Finds.
SANTIN, MARTA
2024/2025
Abstract
The Rosetta bead, a multi-layered glass polychrome artefact invented in Venice in the late fifteenth century, represents one of the most sophisticated achievements of glassmaking. Its defining feature is the intricate star-shaped pattern visible in cross-section. While its role as a global trade commodity is well-documented in historical and ethnographical literature, the specific technological procedures governing its manufacture – the chemical formulation of the glass layers and the manufacture technology – remain insufficiently studied, especially for the early Renaissance artefacts. This thesis presents a comprehensive archaeometric investigation of representative samples from a large assemblage of Rosetta-type glass canes, intermediate products, beads, and production waste (flakes) discovered in Sacile (Friuli Venezia Giulia region, Italy). Previously attributed to a protohistoric horizon, this collection offers a unique opportunity to investigate the material reality of Rosetta bead-making beyond the confines of the Venetian lagoon. The research aims to verify the provenance, dating, and production technology of the Sacile finds through a multi-analytical diagnostic approach. Selected samples were characterised using stereomicroscopy, reflected-light optical microscopy (OM-RL), and scanning electron microscopy imaging (SEM-BSE) for morphological and micro-textural analysis. Subsequently, SEM coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and micro energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (µEDXRF) were employed for the quantitative chemical analysis of major, minor, and trace elements, while micro X-ray diffraction (µXRD) was used to identify crystalline phases in the opaque layers. Analytical results unequivocally confirm a Renaissance Venetian provenance for the Sacile assemblage. The base glass is silica-soda-lime in composition glass, with potassium and magnesium contents consistent with the use of Mediterranean halophytic plant ashes as a flux. Compositionally, the base glass of Rosetta beads from Sacile matches the compositional ranges of Venetian common glass or vitrum blanchum, ruling out the use of the highly purified cristallo for these productions. The investigation of colouring and opacifying agents reveals a strict adherence to historical Muranese recipes and demonstrates a close consistency with a previous analytical study on Renaissance Rosetta beads recovered from the Venetian Lagoon. The blue layers are coloured with cobalt associated with arsenic, bismuth, and nickel, a signature of the German cobalt ore (zaffre) imported to Venice from the 1520s; the opaque red layers (rosso in corpo) rely on a redox mechanism involving metallic copper nanoparticles precipitated by the reducing action of iron and tin; the white layers derive their opacity from cassiterite (SnO2) crystals originating from a lead-tin calx, and from malayaite (CaSnSiO5) formed in situ. Furthermore, the chromatic and chemical variability observed in the transparent layers points to the extensive recycling of glass cullet in the base glass batch. In conclusion, this study critically reassesses the earlier protohistoric interpretation of the site, redefining the Sacile assemblage as a coherent deposit of Renaissance glass materials having a Venetian provenance. The presence of intermediate products and processing waste (flakes) suggests that this site may have served as a centre for secondary finishing. By bridging the gap between archival sources and material evidence, this thesis contributes a scientific dataset to the history of Venetian glass technology, illuminating the complex operational chain behind one of its most iconic and enduring creations.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/100751