The Mocidade Portuguesa, officially established in 1936 under the aegis of the Estado Novo led by António de Oliveira Salazar, represents one of the most emblematic and widely studied manifestations of social engineering in 20th-century Portugal. Founded with the declared aim of shaping youth according to the ideals of “portugueseness” — an ideological construction closely tied to the values of obedience, Catholic religiosity, patriotism, and authority — the organization emerged in a crucial historical moment when the regime sought to consolidate its power and forge a new collective identity. This thesis aims to conduct an in-depth analysis of the role exercised by the Mocidade Portuguesa in the formation of national identity, exploring the pedagogical, symbolic, and political mechanisms through which it influenced young generations. The text develops this reflection through the analysis of primary sources such as statutes, regulations, educational manuals, official speeches, and period magazines, in dialogue with a broad body of contemporary critical literature. It attempts to reconstruct the cultural and value universe that the Mocidade Portuguesa promoted between the 1930s and the Carnation Revolution of 1974, with particular focus on the 1930s and 1940s. The Portuguese organization fits within the broader landscape of fascist-inspired youth organizations, such as the Hitlerjugend in Germany and the Balilla in Italy. However, the Mocidade Portuguesa presents distinctive characteristics that set it apart from these experiences, particularly its deep roots in Catholic tradition and its link to a rural and conservative worldview that Salazar considered authentically Portuguese. The identity promoted by the Mocidade was not only a reflection of the regime, but also a reaction to modern transformations such as urbanization, secularization, and openness to external cultural models. One of the central elements of the organization was the concept of the “integral formation” of the young citizen. This formation included physical and paramilitary activities, moral and civic instruction, collective rituals, and patriotic celebrations designed to instill in youth a sense of belonging, discipline, and devotion to the homeland and its leader. The uniform, salute, hymns, and parades were not mere accessories, but pedagogical tools that acted on both symbolic and corporeal levels, profoundly shaping perceptions of individual and collective identity. A particularly significant aspect is the way in which the Mocidade Portuguesa contributed to shaping a selective historical memory and a heroic narrative of the national past. The glorification of colonial exploits, Portuguese navigators, and the so-called “Lusitanian spirit” was constantly evoked in speeches and educational materials, in order to legitimize the regime’s imperialist policies and reinforce the idea of an eternal, Christian, missionary Portugal. History, as it was taught, was a powerful tool of identity construction, and young people were trained to see themselves as heirs of a universal historical mission. The gender dimension within the Mocidade Portuguesa also deserves particular attention. The organization established a strict division between boys and girls, with separate programs and distinct educational goals. While boys were trained in virility, courage, and leadership, girls were educated in modesty, motherhood, and care for the family. This separation reflected the regime’s traditional and patriarchal vision, which saw the family as the fundamental nucleus of the nation and women as the moral pillar of society.
La Mocidade Portuguesa, istituita ufficialmente nel 1936 sotto l'egida dell'Estado Novo guidato da António de Oliveira Salazar, rappresenta una delle più emblematiche e studiate manifestazioni di ingegneria sociale del XX secolo in Portogallo. Fondata con l’intento dichiarato di formare la gioventù secondo gli ideali della “portoghesità” — una costruzione ideologica strettamente connessa ai valori di obbedienza, religiosità cattolica, patriottismo e autorità — l’organizzazione si colloca in un momento storico cruciale in cui il regime cercava di consolidare il proprio potere e di forgiare una nuova identità collettiva. Questa tesi si propone di analizzare in modo approfondito il ruolo esercitato dalla Mocidade Portuguesa nella formazione dell’identità nazionale, esplorando i meccanismi pedagogici, simbolici e politici attraverso cui essa ha operato sulle giovani generazioni. Il testo si propone di sviluppare questa riflessione attraverso l’analisi di fonti primarie come statuti, regolamenti, manuali educativi, discorsi ufficiali e riviste dell’epoca con l’utilizzo di una vasta letteratura critica contemporanea tentando di ricostruire l’universo culturale e valoriale che la Mocidade Portuguesa ha promosso tra gli anni Trenta e la Rivoluzione dei Garofani del 1974, ma specificatamente negli anni ’30 e ‘40. L’organizzazione portoghese si inserisce nel più ampio panorama delle organizzazioni giovanili di ispirazione fascista, come la Hitlerjugend in Germania e i Balilla in Italia. Tuttavia, la Mocidade Portuguesa presenta caratteristiche peculiari che la distinguono da queste esperienze, in particolare il suo radicamento nella tradizione cattolica e il suo legame con una visione del mondo rurale e conservatrice che Salazar considerava autenticamente portoghese. L’identità promossa dalla Mocidade non era solo un riflesso del regime, ma anche una reazione alle trasformazioni moderne, come l’urbanizzazione, la laicizzazione e l’apertura verso modelli culturali esterni. Uno degli elementi centrali dell’organizzazione era il concetto di “formazione integrale” del giovane cittadino. Tale formazione prevedeva attività fisiche e paramilitari, istruzione morale e civica, rituali collettivi e celebrazioni patriottiche che avevano lo scopo di instillare nei giovani un senso di appartenenza, disciplina e devozione alla patria e al suo leader. L’uniforme, il saluto, gli inni e le parate non erano semplici accessori, ma strumenti pedagogici che agivano a livello simbolico e corporeo, incidendo profondamente sulla percezione dell’identità individuale e collettiva. Un aspetto particolarmente significativo è il modo in cui la Mocidade Portuguesa ha contribuito a plasmare una memoria storica selettiva e una narrazione eroica del passato nazionale. La glorificazione delle imprese coloniali, dei navigatori portoghesi e del cosiddetto “spirito lusitano” veniva costantemente richiamata nei discorsi e nei materiali educativi, al fine di legittimare le politiche imperialiste del regime e di rafforzare l’idea di un Portogallo eterno, cristiano e missionario. La storia, così come veniva insegnata, era un potente strumento di costruzione identitaria, e i giovani erano formati a sentirsi eredi di una missione storica universale. La dimensione di genere all’interno della Mocidade Portuguesa merita anch’essa particolare attenzione. L’organizzazione prevedeva infatti una divisione netta tra ragazzi e ragazze, con programmi distinti e finalità educative differenti. Mentre i ragazzi erano addestrati alla virilità, al coraggio e alla leadership, le ragazze erano educate alla modestia, alla maternità e alla cura della famiglia. Questa separazione rifletteva la visione tradizionale e patriarcale del regime, che vedeva nella famiglia il nucleo fondamentale della nazione e nella donna il pilastro morale della società.
La Mocidade Portuguesa e il suo ruolo nel Portogallo salazarista
FASULO, LUCA
2024/2025
Abstract
The Mocidade Portuguesa, officially established in 1936 under the aegis of the Estado Novo led by António de Oliveira Salazar, represents one of the most emblematic and widely studied manifestations of social engineering in 20th-century Portugal. Founded with the declared aim of shaping youth according to the ideals of “portugueseness” — an ideological construction closely tied to the values of obedience, Catholic religiosity, patriotism, and authority — the organization emerged in a crucial historical moment when the regime sought to consolidate its power and forge a new collective identity. This thesis aims to conduct an in-depth analysis of the role exercised by the Mocidade Portuguesa in the formation of national identity, exploring the pedagogical, symbolic, and political mechanisms through which it influenced young generations. The text develops this reflection through the analysis of primary sources such as statutes, regulations, educational manuals, official speeches, and period magazines, in dialogue with a broad body of contemporary critical literature. It attempts to reconstruct the cultural and value universe that the Mocidade Portuguesa promoted between the 1930s and the Carnation Revolution of 1974, with particular focus on the 1930s and 1940s. The Portuguese organization fits within the broader landscape of fascist-inspired youth organizations, such as the Hitlerjugend in Germany and the Balilla in Italy. However, the Mocidade Portuguesa presents distinctive characteristics that set it apart from these experiences, particularly its deep roots in Catholic tradition and its link to a rural and conservative worldview that Salazar considered authentically Portuguese. The identity promoted by the Mocidade was not only a reflection of the regime, but also a reaction to modern transformations such as urbanization, secularization, and openness to external cultural models. One of the central elements of the organization was the concept of the “integral formation” of the young citizen. This formation included physical and paramilitary activities, moral and civic instruction, collective rituals, and patriotic celebrations designed to instill in youth a sense of belonging, discipline, and devotion to the homeland and its leader. The uniform, salute, hymns, and parades were not mere accessories, but pedagogical tools that acted on both symbolic and corporeal levels, profoundly shaping perceptions of individual and collective identity. A particularly significant aspect is the way in which the Mocidade Portuguesa contributed to shaping a selective historical memory and a heroic narrative of the national past. The glorification of colonial exploits, Portuguese navigators, and the so-called “Lusitanian spirit” was constantly evoked in speeches and educational materials, in order to legitimize the regime’s imperialist policies and reinforce the idea of an eternal, Christian, missionary Portugal. History, as it was taught, was a powerful tool of identity construction, and young people were trained to see themselves as heirs of a universal historical mission. The gender dimension within the Mocidade Portuguesa also deserves particular attention. The organization established a strict division between boys and girls, with separate programs and distinct educational goals. While boys were trained in virility, courage, and leadership, girls were educated in modesty, motherhood, and care for the family. This separation reflected the regime’s traditional and patriarchal vision, which saw the family as the fundamental nucleus of the nation and women as the moral pillar of society.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/100918