In a rapidly changing global context, the mass production and widespread use of chemicals have led to widespread contamination of natural ecosystems. Among the most significant emerging contaminants are per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). These organofluorine compounds are widely used for their exceptional chemical and physical properties. Their chemical structure confers high stability, making them extremely persistent and bioaccumulative, with potential adverse effects on human health and the balance of ecosystems. This study evaluated the effects of PFAS on the F1 generation of the earthworm Eisenia foetida as a model organism, targeting embryonic and early development toxicity. Four compounds - perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononaoic acid (PFNA), perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS), and ammonium 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-(heptafluoropropoxy)-propanoate (GenX) - were investigated at two environmentally relevant concentrations (1 µg/kg. 100 µg/kg). Briefly, the parental generation (F0) was exposed to contaminated soil for 28 days. At the end of the exposure, the F0 individuals were collected for molecular analyses, and the soil was incubated for an additional 28 days to allow the F1 generation to develop. On day 56, F1 generation individuals were subjected to phenotypic and molecular analyses. At the phenotypic level, body growth assessment revealed a general decrease of approximately 40% in body size in F1. Body weight decreased significantly in all groups except the group exposed to PFNA 100 µg/kg. In parallel, gene expression analysis involved the extraction of total RNA and the transcriptional evaluation of genes associated with the response to oxidative stress, developmental regulation, and apoptotic mechanisms. An increase in the expression of the superoxide dismutase (SOD), involved in antioxidant processes, was observed in the groups exposed to 100 µg/kg PFNA and GenX. For the transcription factor SYR-box2 (SOX2) and T53-regulated inhibitor of apoptosis 1 (TRIAP1), involved in apoptosis and cell growth and regeneration, respectively, the increase occurred in the group treated with 1 µg/kg GenX. Collectively, the results highlight that embryonic and early developmental exposure to PFAS compromises the physiological processes of E. foetida reducing the organism growth and altering the expression of key genes involved in xenobiotic response, development, and apoptosis regulation. This evidence underscores the need to further investigate the mechanisms of action of PFAS and to include transgenerational studies comparing the effects between successive generations to develop a comprehensive understanding of the impact of these contaminants on this key soil organism.
In un contesto globale in rapida trasformazione, la produzione e l’impiego massivo di sostanze chimiche hanno portato a una contaminazione diffusa degli ecosistemi naturali. Tra i contaminanti emergenti più rilevanti figurano le sostanze per- e polifluoroalchiliche (PFAS). Questi composti organofluorurati sono largamente utilizzati per le loro eccezionali proprietà chimico-fisiche; infatti, la loro struttura chimica conferisce una elevata stabilità, rendendoli estremamente persistenti e bioaccumulabili, con potenziali effetti dannosi per la salute umana e l’equilibrio degli ecosistemi. Questo studio ha valutato gli effetti dei PFAS, utilizzando come organismo modello il lombrico Eisenia foetida, per analizzare l’impatto sulla generazione F1 esposta durante le fasi embrionali e precoci dello sviluppo. Sono stati indagati quattro PFAS: l’acido perfluoroottanoico (PFOA), l’acido perfluorononaoico (PFNA), l’acido perfluoroesansulfonico (PFHxS) ed il 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-(eptafluoropropossi) -propanoato di ammonio (GenX), saggiati singolarmente a due concentrazioni rilevanti dal punto di vista ambientale (1 µg/Kg e 100 µg/Kg). Per fare ciò, la generazione parentale (F0) è stata esposta per 28 giorni a suolo contaminato. Al termine dell’esposizione, gli individui F0 sono stati raccolti per condurre analisi molecolari, mentre il suolo è stato incubato ulteriori 28 giorni per consentire lo sviluppo della generazione F1. Al giorno 56, gli individui della generazione F1 sono stati sottoposti ad analisi fenotipiche e molecolari. Sul piano fenotipico, la valutazione della crescita corporea ha evidenziato una diminuzione generale di circa il 40% delle dimensioni corporee in F1. Il peso corporeo è diminuito in modo significativo in tutti i gruppi ad eccezione del gruppo esposto a PFNA 100 µg/kg. Parallelamente, l’analisi dell’espressione genica ha previsto l’estrazione di RNA totale e la quantificazione dell’espressione di geni associati alla risposta allo stress ossidativo, alla regolazione dello sviluppo e ai meccanismi apoptotici. Nei gruppi PFNA e GenX (100 µg/kg) è stato osservato un aumento dell’espressione della superossido dismutasi (SOD), gene coinvolto nei processi antiossidanti, mentre per il fattore di trascrizione SYR-box2 (SOX2) e l’inibitore dell’apoptosi 1 regolato da T53 (TRIAP1), coinvolti rispettivamente nell’apoptosi e nella crescita e rigenerazione cellulare, l’incremento è avvenuto nel gruppo GenX alla concentrazione di 1 µg/kg. Nel complesso, i risultati evidenziano come l’esposizione ai PFAS in fase embrionale e nelle prime fasi di sviluppo comprometta i processi fisiologici di E. foetida, alterando l’espressione di geni chiave nella risposta agli xenobiotici, nello sviluppo e nella regolazione apoptotica, oltre a ridurre la crescita degli organismi. Tali evidenze dimostrano la necessità di approfondire i meccanismi d’azione dei PFAS e di includere studi transgenerazionali che confrontino gli effetti tra generazioni successive, al fine di delineare un quadro completo dell’impatto di questi contaminati in un organismo chiave del suolo.
Studio multigenerazionale sulla tossicità dei PFAS nel lombrico Eisenia foetida, un organismo modello per l'ecosistema del suolo
TRONCHIN, ELISA
2024/2025
Abstract
In a rapidly changing global context, the mass production and widespread use of chemicals have led to widespread contamination of natural ecosystems. Among the most significant emerging contaminants are per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). These organofluorine compounds are widely used for their exceptional chemical and physical properties. Their chemical structure confers high stability, making them extremely persistent and bioaccumulative, with potential adverse effects on human health and the balance of ecosystems. This study evaluated the effects of PFAS on the F1 generation of the earthworm Eisenia foetida as a model organism, targeting embryonic and early development toxicity. Four compounds - perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononaoic acid (PFNA), perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS), and ammonium 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-(heptafluoropropoxy)-propanoate (GenX) - were investigated at two environmentally relevant concentrations (1 µg/kg. 100 µg/kg). Briefly, the parental generation (F0) was exposed to contaminated soil for 28 days. At the end of the exposure, the F0 individuals were collected for molecular analyses, and the soil was incubated for an additional 28 days to allow the F1 generation to develop. On day 56, F1 generation individuals were subjected to phenotypic and molecular analyses. At the phenotypic level, body growth assessment revealed a general decrease of approximately 40% in body size in F1. Body weight decreased significantly in all groups except the group exposed to PFNA 100 µg/kg. In parallel, gene expression analysis involved the extraction of total RNA and the transcriptional evaluation of genes associated with the response to oxidative stress, developmental regulation, and apoptotic mechanisms. An increase in the expression of the superoxide dismutase (SOD), involved in antioxidant processes, was observed in the groups exposed to 100 µg/kg PFNA and GenX. For the transcription factor SYR-box2 (SOX2) and T53-regulated inhibitor of apoptosis 1 (TRIAP1), involved in apoptosis and cell growth and regeneration, respectively, the increase occurred in the group treated with 1 µg/kg GenX. Collectively, the results highlight that embryonic and early developmental exposure to PFAS compromises the physiological processes of E. foetida reducing the organism growth and altering the expression of key genes involved in xenobiotic response, development, and apoptosis regulation. This evidence underscores the need to further investigate the mechanisms of action of PFAS and to include transgenerational studies comparing the effects between successive generations to develop a comprehensive understanding of the impact of these contaminants on this key soil organism.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/101207