In recent years, forests in the Eastern Alps have been affected by numerous outbreaks of Ips typographus L., commonly known as the spruce bark beetle, an insect that primarily targets Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst). These outbreaks have been triggered by previous disturbance events such as the Vaia storm (2018) and heavy snow damage (2019, 2020), which led to the accumulation of large amounts of downed woody material. Combined with dry spring and summer seasons, these conditions created a favourable environment for bark beetle proliferation. To prevent further spread of the insect to healthy trees, different management approaches are adopted. The most common is salvage logging, which involves removing most or all of the dead wood from the forest. However, this method is not always feasible due to technical or economic reasons, and in many affected areas only partial removal has been completed (e.g., leaving some dead wood on the ground or standing), or not removed at all (e.g., non-intervention zones). This thesis aims to investigate how two of these different forest management strategies (salvage logging and non-intervention) influence the short-term natural regeneration dynamics. The study was conducted in three valleys of the Autonomous Province of Bolzano – Val Venosta, Val Badia, and Racines – and on the Asiago Plateau in the Veneto region. In each area, five replicates of four sample plots were established: three plots were affected by bark beetle and managed according to the aforementioned strategies, while the fourth served as a control plot in healthy forest. Regeneration was sampled in concentric circular plots with increasing radius, measuring height and diameter, and reporting species, growth substrate, and browsing intensity. The analysis focuses on identifying environmental factors that, in addition to the forest management approach, may influence regeneration development. These include topography, hours of direct sunlight on the forest floor, ground vegetation cover (recorded in the field) and climatic conditions (mean temperature and precipitation obtained from existing datasets). Results show that forest regeneration density is less abundant in areas managed with salvage logging compared to those with no intervention. This effect can be linked to the widespread presence of competitive herbaceous and shrub species, connected to the drastic changes in microclimatic conditions following the removal of the ground cover. Additionally, regeneration may be negatively impacted by logging operations that damage newly established seedlings. Findings suggest that retaining standing dead trees killed by bark beetle may support the establishment and growth of forest regeneration. In fact, deadwood elements protect young trees from an excessive direct exposition to the solar radiation, creating a favourable microsite – fresher during the summer and warmer in the winter – and limiting the spread of competition vegetation.
Negli ultimi anni, le foreste delle Alpi Orientali sono state colpite da numerose pullulazioni di Ips typographus L., detto anche bostrico tipografo, un coleottero scolitide che colpisce l’abete rosso. Il fenomeno è stato scatenato da precedenti eventi di disturbo come la tempesta Vaia (2018) e danni da neve pesante (2019, 2020) che hanno contribuito all’accumulo di grandi quantità di materiale legnoso a terra. Questa elevata quantità di necromassa a terra, combinata con primavere ed estati siccitose, ha favorito il proliferare dello scolitide. Per evitare che il bostrico tipografo si espanda ulteriormente colpendo piante ancora sane, tradizionalmente esistono diversi approcci selvicolturali, tra i quali il più comune è il salvage logging, che consiste nel rimuovere tutto (o quasi) il materiale morto a terra. Tuttavia, questa opzione non sempre è tecnicamente o economicamente fattibile, di conseguenza nelle diverse aree colpite sono state effettuate rimozioni solo parziali (es. rilascio di una certa quantità di legno morto a terra e in piedi) oppure non rimozione (es. zone di non intervento). La presente tesi si propone di indagare come due di questi diversi tipi di gestione forestale, salvage logging e non intervento, influenzino lo sviluppo della rinnovazione naturale nel breve termine in aree colpite dalla pullulazione di bostrico tipografo. Lo studio è stato condotto in tre vallate della Provincia Autonoma di Bolzano – Val Venosta, Val Badia, Racines – e nell’Altopiano di Asiago, in Veneto. In ogni zona sono state individuate cinque ripetizioni di quattro aree di saggio: di queste, tre sono aree colpite da bostrico e gestite nelle varie modalità sopracitate, l’ultima è un’area di bosco non colpito da bostrico, presa come controllo. La rinnovazione è stata rilevata con aree di saggio circolari concentriche a raggio crescente, misurando l’altezza ed il diametro e rilevando la specie, il substrato di crescita e il grado di brucatura. L’analisi si concentra sullo studio di possibili fattori ambientali che, oltre al tipo di gestione selvicolturale, possono influire sulla densità di rinnovazione, come topografia, ore di luce diretta al suolo, copertura vegetale del suolo (rilevate in campo) e regime climatico (temperatura media e pluviometria ottenuta da dati esistenti). Si osserva che la densità di rinnovazione è complessivamente minore nelle aree gestite a salvage logging rispetto a quelle senza intervento di rimozione. Questo effetto sembra essere dovuto all’ampia diffusione di piante erbacee e arbustive altamente competitive, legata al radicale cambiamento di condizioni microclimatiche che segue la rimozione del soprassuolo, oltre al danno arrecato alla rinnovazione preesistente con le stesse operazioni di utilizzazione. I risultati suggeriscono che il rilascio degli alberi morti in piedi a causa del bostrico sia favorevole all’insediamento e all’affermazione della rinnovazione forestale. Infatti, la presenza di elementi di legno morto protegge le giovani piante da un’eccessiva esposizione alla radiazione solare, crea nell’intorno un microclima più fresco d’estate e più caldo d’inverno, oltre a limitare lo sviluppo di vegetazione altamente competitiva.
Influenza della gestione forestale post-disturbo sulla rinnovazione naturale in aree colpite da Ips typographus L.
TUROLLA, GAIA
2024/2025
Abstract
In recent years, forests in the Eastern Alps have been affected by numerous outbreaks of Ips typographus L., commonly known as the spruce bark beetle, an insect that primarily targets Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst). These outbreaks have been triggered by previous disturbance events such as the Vaia storm (2018) and heavy snow damage (2019, 2020), which led to the accumulation of large amounts of downed woody material. Combined with dry spring and summer seasons, these conditions created a favourable environment for bark beetle proliferation. To prevent further spread of the insect to healthy trees, different management approaches are adopted. The most common is salvage logging, which involves removing most or all of the dead wood from the forest. However, this method is not always feasible due to technical or economic reasons, and in many affected areas only partial removal has been completed (e.g., leaving some dead wood on the ground or standing), or not removed at all (e.g., non-intervention zones). This thesis aims to investigate how two of these different forest management strategies (salvage logging and non-intervention) influence the short-term natural regeneration dynamics. The study was conducted in three valleys of the Autonomous Province of Bolzano – Val Venosta, Val Badia, and Racines – and on the Asiago Plateau in the Veneto region. In each area, five replicates of four sample plots were established: three plots were affected by bark beetle and managed according to the aforementioned strategies, while the fourth served as a control plot in healthy forest. Regeneration was sampled in concentric circular plots with increasing radius, measuring height and diameter, and reporting species, growth substrate, and browsing intensity. The analysis focuses on identifying environmental factors that, in addition to the forest management approach, may influence regeneration development. These include topography, hours of direct sunlight on the forest floor, ground vegetation cover (recorded in the field) and climatic conditions (mean temperature and precipitation obtained from existing datasets). Results show that forest regeneration density is less abundant in areas managed with salvage logging compared to those with no intervention. This effect can be linked to the widespread presence of competitive herbaceous and shrub species, connected to the drastic changes in microclimatic conditions following the removal of the ground cover. Additionally, regeneration may be negatively impacted by logging operations that damage newly established seedlings. Findings suggest that retaining standing dead trees killed by bark beetle may support the establishment and growth of forest regeneration. In fact, deadwood elements protect young trees from an excessive direct exposition to the solar radiation, creating a favourable microsite – fresher during the summer and warmer in the winter – and limiting the spread of competition vegetation.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/101460