Climate change represents the greatest challenge of this century, also in terms of biodiversity protection. Ecological phenomena currently occurring on mountain peaks serve as a benchmark for the conservation status of many plant and lichen species. This study describes the ecologies and critical phenomena involving arctic-alpine lichen and vascular species in the tuscan-emilian Apennines. The landscape under examination is particularly sensitive. In fact, it represents the southern limit of the distribution range for several of the analyzed species.The investigation of species ecology was conducted consciously. It did not settle for applying statistical tools passively. Instead, it studied their limits and potentials. Species Distribution Modeling is the key tool of this thesis. Based on surveys along the altitudinal gradients of the main peaks of the Tuscan-Emilian Apennines, this tool provides a description of current ecological phenomena. Furthermore, it offers a projection of future distributions. The comparison between investigative tools and the different ecological scales used, allows for a conscious choice of methods. This process enriches the results with unexpected, additional ecological information.The thesis first demonstrates a significant increase in temperatures and confirms the presence of Elevation Dependent Warming phenomena. Subsequently, it describes the reaction of organisms to this pressure. Predictive models brought alarming values of habitat loss for many species (Leucanthemopsis alpina 100%, Trifolium alpinum 94%, Omalotheca supina 88%, and Jacobaea incana 84%). Explanatory models recorded significant positive coefficients between species presence/absence and altitude (Jacobaea incana coeff.=0.038, p-value <0.001; Omalotheca supina coeff.=0.022, p-value <0.001; Peltigera leucophlebia coeff.=0.01, p-value <0.001). The model coefficients also allowed for debunking the strictly microclimatic role of eroded vertical soil structures. On the other hand they demonstrated the key role of biotic interactions and disturbance. This thesis has satisfactorily characterized the main ecological processes through an analysis of study tools, local climate, and the ecological behaviors of the species examined. These are the processes that drive the Apennine ecosystems above the treeline.Further studies could focus on the use and acquisition of data regarding Snow Cover Duration. This is another limiting factor for organisms, and it is subject to large variations due to climate change.
Il cambiamento climatico rappresenta la sfida più grande di questo secolo, anche in termini di tutela della biodiversità: i fenomeni ecologici in atto sulle cime montuose sono cartine tornasole per lo stato di conservazione di molte specie vegetali e licheniche. Questo studio descrive l’ecologia e i fenomeni critici che coinvolgono specie licheniche e vascolari artico alpine, nell’Appennino tosco-emiliano. Il panorama in esame è particolarmente sensibile in quanto limite meridionale dell’areale di diverse specie analizzate. L’indagine sull’ecologia delle specie è avvenuta in modo consapevole non accontentandosi di applicare gli strumenti statistici in modo passivo, ma studiandone i limiti e le potenzialità. La modellizzazione della distribuzione delle specie è lo strumento chiave della tesi che, a partire dai rilievi sui gradienti altitudinali delle principali cime dell’Appennino tosco-emiliano, restituisce una descrizione dei fenomeni ecologici attuali e una proiezione delle distribuzioni future. Il confronto tra gli strumenti di indagine e le diverse scale ecologiche utilizzate, permettono una scelta consapevole degli stessi, arricchendo i risultati di informazioni ecologiche aggiuntive inaspettate. La tesi dopo aver dimostrato un aumento significativo delle temperature e confermato la presenza di fenomeni di Elevation Dependent Warming, ha inquadrato la reazione degli organismi a questa pressione. I modelli predittivi hanno restituito valori allarmanti di habitat loss per molte specie (Leucanthemopsis alpina 100%, Trifolium alpinum 94%, Omalotheca supina 88% e Jacobaea incana 84%). I modelli esplicativi hanno registrato coefficienti positivi significativi tra presenza/assenza delle specie e altitudine (Jacobaea incana 0.038 p_value <0.001, Omalotheca supina 0.022 p_value<0.001, Peltigera leucophlebia 0.01 p_value <0.001). I coefficienti dei modelli hanno anche permesso di sfatare il ruolo come rifugio microclimatico di strutture erose a suolo verticale e di dimostrare il ruolo chiave delle interazioni biotiche e del disturbo. Il lavoro di tesi attraverso una analisi degli strumenti di studio, del clima locale e dei comportamenti ecologici delle specie in esame, ha caratterizzato in modo soddisfacente i processi ecologici principali che guidano gli ecosistemi soprasilvatici appenninici. Ulteriori studi potrebbero concentrarsi sull’utilizzo e acquisizione del dato relativo alla durata del manto nevoso, altro fattore limitante degli organismi, soggetto a grandi variazioni a causa del cambiamento climatico.
Le cime dell'Appennino tosco-emiliano come rifugio climatico per licheni e piante alpine
ZINATO, FRANCESCO
2024/2025
Abstract
Climate change represents the greatest challenge of this century, also in terms of biodiversity protection. Ecological phenomena currently occurring on mountain peaks serve as a benchmark for the conservation status of many plant and lichen species. This study describes the ecologies and critical phenomena involving arctic-alpine lichen and vascular species in the tuscan-emilian Apennines. The landscape under examination is particularly sensitive. In fact, it represents the southern limit of the distribution range for several of the analyzed species.The investigation of species ecology was conducted consciously. It did not settle for applying statistical tools passively. Instead, it studied their limits and potentials. Species Distribution Modeling is the key tool of this thesis. Based on surveys along the altitudinal gradients of the main peaks of the Tuscan-Emilian Apennines, this tool provides a description of current ecological phenomena. Furthermore, it offers a projection of future distributions. The comparison between investigative tools and the different ecological scales used, allows for a conscious choice of methods. This process enriches the results with unexpected, additional ecological information.The thesis first demonstrates a significant increase in temperatures and confirms the presence of Elevation Dependent Warming phenomena. Subsequently, it describes the reaction of organisms to this pressure. Predictive models brought alarming values of habitat loss for many species (Leucanthemopsis alpina 100%, Trifolium alpinum 94%, Omalotheca supina 88%, and Jacobaea incana 84%). Explanatory models recorded significant positive coefficients between species presence/absence and altitude (Jacobaea incana coeff.=0.038, p-value <0.001; Omalotheca supina coeff.=0.022, p-value <0.001; Peltigera leucophlebia coeff.=0.01, p-value <0.001). The model coefficients also allowed for debunking the strictly microclimatic role of eroded vertical soil structures. On the other hand they demonstrated the key role of biotic interactions and disturbance. This thesis has satisfactorily characterized the main ecological processes through an analysis of study tools, local climate, and the ecological behaviors of the species examined. These are the processes that drive the Apennine ecosystems above the treeline.Further studies could focus on the use and acquisition of data regarding Snow Cover Duration. This is another limiting factor for organisms, and it is subject to large variations due to climate change.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/101461