The present thesis examined the combination of two distinct treatment methods for the degradation of perfluorinated carboxylic acids. The first method involved the use of non-thermal plasma, while the second method entailed the incorporation of photosensitive additives into the solution, which were activated by UV radiation. Perfluorinated carboxylic acids belong to the class of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), namely synthetic organic substances that contain at least one fully fluorinated methyl or methylene group. These compounds are characterized by a fluorinated aliphatic chain and a polar group, which endow them with specific chemical-physical properties, including surfactant properties, water and grease repellency, and chemical and thermal stability. Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been demonstrated to be bioaccumulative compounds. In November 2023, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) as carcinogenic to humans. Consequently, there is an urgent need to develop effective methods for removing PFAS from the environment, particularly from water. This is particularly important because conventional water purification techniques are ineffective for these compounds. Atmospheric plasma treatment is proposed as an innovative and effective solution for the degradation and removal of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Atmospheric plasma is an ionized gas containing free electrons, ions, excited species and radicals and is produced through the application of a non-thermalizing electrical discharge in the gas above the solution under room temperature and atmospheric pressure conditions. In this thesis, laboratory-contaminated water samples were treated using a plasma reactor with a patented electrode configuration, called RAP (RAdial Plasma discharge). Experiments were carried out using RAP technology to degrade 1 × 10-5 M perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and the results demonstrated that, in a timespan of just 20 minutes, >99% degradation and approximately 40% defluorination (measured as conversion of the pollutant to F-) were achieved. The organic by-products resulting from this type of treatment were revealed by LC-MS and correspond mainly to perfluorocarboxylic acids with shorter chains than PFOA. In particular, perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA) and perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) tend to accumulate during treatment because have no surfactant characteristics and therefore do not concentrate at the interface between solution and plasma, where the degradation process preferentially occurs. The present study investigates the use of UV radiation and the addition of a reducing agent in solution for the removal of non-surfactant PFAS. The experiments were carried out using a mercury lamp and considering PFBA as the contaminant and sulfite as the photosensitive additive. The outcomes are extremely encouraging: in distilled water at a pH of 12 after a duration of 60 minutes, there is greater than 99% degradation and 90% defluorination. Conversely, if the solution is not alkalized, the degradation and defluorination data recorded after 60 minutes are 85% and 30% respectively. Subsequently, the PFBA was subjected to treatment in the RAP reactor by means of the addition of sulfite. However, the radiation emitted by the plasma proved incapable of activating the additive. Subsequently, experiments were conducted to study the degradation of PFOA. These experiments employed a two-stage sequential treatment process. In the first stage, atmospheric plasma was applied in the RAP reactor for a duration of 30 minutes. In the second stage, the same solution was subjected to a treatment involving UV/sulfite for a duration of 120 minutes. The experiment proved to be very efficient even without modifying the pH. In fact, the degradation of short-chain perfluorinated acids was achieved, with 86% defluorination being attained at the conclusion of the experiment.
In questa tesi è stata studiata la combinazione di due diversi tipi di trattamento per la degradazione di acidi carbossilici perfluorurati: l’impiego di plasma non-termico e l’aggiunta di additivi fotosensibili in soluzione, attivati tramite radiazione UV. Gli acidi carbossilici perfluorurati appartengono alla classe delle sostanze per- e polifluoroalchiliche (PFAS), sostanze organiche sintetiche che contengono almeno un gruppo metile o metilenico completamente fluorurato. Esse sono tipicamente composte da una catena alifatica fluorurata e un gruppo polare, che conferiscono loro particolari caratteristiche chimico-fisiche, come ad esempio proprietà surfattanti, repellenza di acqua e grassi, stabilità chimica e termica. I PFAS sono inoltre composti bioaccumulabili e nel novembre del 2023 la IARC ha classificato l’acido perfluoroottanoico (PFOA) come cancerogeno per gli esseri umani. C’è quindi una grande necessità di sviluppare metodi efficaci per rimuovere i PFAS dall’ambiente e in particolare dalle acque, anche a causa del fatto che le tecniche convenzionali di purificazione delle acque sono inefficaci per questi composti. Il trattamento al plasma atmosferico si propone come soluzione innovativa ed efficace per la degradazione e rimozione dei PFAS. Il plasma atmosferico, ovvero un gas parzialmente ionizzato contenente elettroni liberi, ioni, specie eccitate e radicali, viene generato attraverso l’applicazione di una scarica elettrica non termalizzante nel gas sovrastante la soluzione in condizioni di temperatura e pressione atmosferica. In questa tesi campioni di acqua contaminati in laboratorio sono stati trattati utilizzando un reattore al plasma con configurazione degli elettrodi brevettata, denominato “reattore RAP” (RAdial Plasma discharge). Gli esperimenti sono stati condotti utilizzando la tecnologia RAP per degradare acido perfluoroottanoicio (PFOA) 1 × 10-5 M e hanno dimostrato che, in soli 20 minuti, si ottiene una degradazione >99% e una defluorinazione (misurata come conversione dell’inquinante in F-) di circa il 40%. I sottoprodotti organici derivanti da questo tipo di trattamento sono stati rivelati tramite LC-MS e corrispondono principalmente agli acidi perfluorocarbossilici a catena più corta del PFOA. In particolare, l’acido perfluoropentanoico (PFPeA) e l’acido perfluorobutanoico (PFBA), non avendo caratteristiche surfattanti e di conseguenza non concentrandosi all’interfaccia tra soluzione e plasma dove avviene preferenzialmente il processo di degradazione, tendono ad accumularsi durante il trattamento. Per la rimozione di PFAS non surfattanti è stato allora indagato l’impiego di radiazione UV e l’aggiunta di un agente riducente in soluzione. Gli esperimenti sono stati condotti utilizzando una lampada al mercurio e considerando PFBA come contaminante e solfito come additivo fotosensibile. I risultati sono molto promettenti: in acqua di rubinetto a pH = 12 dopo 60 minuti si ha una degradazione >99% e una defluorinazione del 90%. Se invece la soluzione non viene basificata, i dati di degradazione e defluorinazione rilevati dopo 60 minuti sono rispettivamente 85% e 30%. Il PFBA è stato quindi trattato nel reattore RAP aggiungendo solfito ma la radiazione emessa dal plasma non è risultata in grado di attivare l’additivo. Sono stati allora condotti esperimenti di degradazione di PFOA attraverso un trattamento a due stadi in sequenza, in cui nel primo stadio viene impiegato il plasma atmosferico nel reattore RAP per 30 minuti e nel secondo stadio la stessa soluzione viene trattata per 120 minuti tramite il processo UV/solfito. L’esperimento si è rivelato molto efficiente anche senza modificare il pH: sono stati infatti degradati anche gli acidi perfluorurati a catena corta e alla fine del trattamento è stata ottenuta una defluorinazione dell’86%.
Studio della combinazione di plasma atmosferico e additivi fotosensibili per la degradazione di sostanze perfluoroalchiliche (PFAS) in acque contaminate
BORTOLUSSI, MARCO
2024/2025
Abstract
The present thesis examined the combination of two distinct treatment methods for the degradation of perfluorinated carboxylic acids. The first method involved the use of non-thermal plasma, while the second method entailed the incorporation of photosensitive additives into the solution, which were activated by UV radiation. Perfluorinated carboxylic acids belong to the class of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), namely synthetic organic substances that contain at least one fully fluorinated methyl or methylene group. These compounds are characterized by a fluorinated aliphatic chain and a polar group, which endow them with specific chemical-physical properties, including surfactant properties, water and grease repellency, and chemical and thermal stability. Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been demonstrated to be bioaccumulative compounds. In November 2023, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) as carcinogenic to humans. Consequently, there is an urgent need to develop effective methods for removing PFAS from the environment, particularly from water. This is particularly important because conventional water purification techniques are ineffective for these compounds. Atmospheric plasma treatment is proposed as an innovative and effective solution for the degradation and removal of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Atmospheric plasma is an ionized gas containing free electrons, ions, excited species and radicals and is produced through the application of a non-thermalizing electrical discharge in the gas above the solution under room temperature and atmospheric pressure conditions. In this thesis, laboratory-contaminated water samples were treated using a plasma reactor with a patented electrode configuration, called RAP (RAdial Plasma discharge). Experiments were carried out using RAP technology to degrade 1 × 10-5 M perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and the results demonstrated that, in a timespan of just 20 minutes, >99% degradation and approximately 40% defluorination (measured as conversion of the pollutant to F-) were achieved. The organic by-products resulting from this type of treatment were revealed by LC-MS and correspond mainly to perfluorocarboxylic acids with shorter chains than PFOA. In particular, perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA) and perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) tend to accumulate during treatment because have no surfactant characteristics and therefore do not concentrate at the interface between solution and plasma, where the degradation process preferentially occurs. The present study investigates the use of UV radiation and the addition of a reducing agent in solution for the removal of non-surfactant PFAS. The experiments were carried out using a mercury lamp and considering PFBA as the contaminant and sulfite as the photosensitive additive. The outcomes are extremely encouraging: in distilled water at a pH of 12 after a duration of 60 minutes, there is greater than 99% degradation and 90% defluorination. Conversely, if the solution is not alkalized, the degradation and defluorination data recorded after 60 minutes are 85% and 30% respectively. Subsequently, the PFBA was subjected to treatment in the RAP reactor by means of the addition of sulfite. However, the radiation emitted by the plasma proved incapable of activating the additive. Subsequently, experiments were conducted to study the degradation of PFOA. These experiments employed a two-stage sequential treatment process. In the first stage, atmospheric plasma was applied in the RAP reactor for a duration of 30 minutes. In the second stage, the same solution was subjected to a treatment involving UV/sulfite for a duration of 120 minutes. The experiment proved to be very efficient even without modifying the pH. In fact, the degradation of short-chain perfluorinated acids was achieved, with 86% defluorination being attained at the conclusion of the experiment.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/101838