Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are complex and multifactorial conditions in which genetic, microbial, environmental and immune factors combine and generate an uncon- trolled and persistent inflammatory response. In recent years, it has emerged that biolog- ical sex can significantly modulate disease susceptibility, clinical course, and response to treatments, suggesting the existence of differential molecular and immunological bases be- tween men and women. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these differences remain largely unexplored. The purpose of this thesis is to study the impact of sex on the molecular pathways in- volved in IBD using publicly available RNA-seq data from the IBDome consortium. The integrated approach was based on Principal Component Analysis, Differential Expression analysis, and Functional Enrichment Analysis. The findings demonstrate that the ma- jority of the common inflammatory pathways associated with IBD, including oxidative stress, tissue remodelling, and immune activation, are shared by both sexes. However, sex-specific transcriptional signatures were identified: women showed a more selective pattern with both upregulated and downregulated genes, whereas men showed a wider upregulation of immune and inflammatory genes. These gene-level variations resulted in different pathway enrichment patterns, with women displaying more balanced and focused modulation of inflammatory processes and men displaying more extensive and possibly less controlled responses. RNA-seq data from an external cohort were used to validate the obtained results . Overall, this study aims to provide new evidence supporting the role of sex as a bio- logical determinant of inflammatory bowel disease. The incorporation of biological sex into analytical and clinical models may lead to a better patient stratification and to the development of more individualised and successful treatment strategies.
Le malattie infiammatorie croniche intestinali (IBD) sono condizioni complesse e multifat- toriali in cui fattori genetici, microbici, ambientali e immunitari si combinano e generano una risposta infiammatoria incontrollata e persistente. Negli ultimi anni, `e emerso che il sesso biologico pu`o modulare significativamente la suscettibilita` alla malattia, il decorso clinico e la risposta ai trattamenti, suggerendo l’esistenza di basi molecolari e immuno- logiche differenti tra uomini e donne. Tuttavia, i meccanismi molecolari alla base di queste differenze rimangono in gran parte inesplorati. Lo scopo di questa tesi `e studiare l’impatto del sesso sui pathway infiammatori moleco- lari coinvolti nelle IBD utilizzando dati di RNA-seq pubblicamente disponibili provenienti dal consorzio IBDome. L’approccio integrato si `e basato sull’analisi delle componenti principali, sull’analisi dell’espressione differenziale e sull’analisi dell’arricchimento fun- zionale. I risultati dimostrano che la maggior parte dei pathway infiammatori comuni associati alle IBD, tra cui lo stress ossidativo, il rimodellamento tissutale e l’attivazione immunitaria, sono condivisi da entrambi i sessi. Tuttavia, sono state identificate firme trascrizionali specifiche per sesso: le donne hanno mostrato un pattern piu` selettivo sia con geni sovraregolati che sottoregolati, mentre gli uomini hanno mostrato una maggiore sovraregolazione dei geni immunitari e infiammatori. Queste variazioni a livello genico hanno portato a diversi pattern di arricchimento del pathway, con le donne che hanno mostrato una modulazione piu` bilanciata e mirata dei processi infiammatori e gli uo- mini che hanno mostrato risposte piu` estese e probabilmente meno controllate. I dati di RNA-seq di una coorte esterna sono stati utilizzati per convalidare i risultati ottenuti. Nel complesso, questo studio mira a fornire nuove prove a supporto del ruolo del sesso come determinante biologico della malattia infiammatoria intestinale. L’integrazione del sesso biologico nei modelli analitici e clinici puo` portare a una migliore stratificazione dei pazienti e allo sviluppo di strategie terapeutiche piu` individualizzate ed efficaci.
Investigating the Impact of Sex on Molecular Pathways in Inflammatory Bowel Diseas
BORDIGNON, AURORA
2024/2025
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are complex and multifactorial conditions in which genetic, microbial, environmental and immune factors combine and generate an uncon- trolled and persistent inflammatory response. In recent years, it has emerged that biolog- ical sex can significantly modulate disease susceptibility, clinical course, and response to treatments, suggesting the existence of differential molecular and immunological bases be- tween men and women. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these differences remain largely unexplored. The purpose of this thesis is to study the impact of sex on the molecular pathways in- volved in IBD using publicly available RNA-seq data from the IBDome consortium. The integrated approach was based on Principal Component Analysis, Differential Expression analysis, and Functional Enrichment Analysis. The findings demonstrate that the ma- jority of the common inflammatory pathways associated with IBD, including oxidative stress, tissue remodelling, and immune activation, are shared by both sexes. However, sex-specific transcriptional signatures were identified: women showed a more selective pattern with both upregulated and downregulated genes, whereas men showed a wider upregulation of immune and inflammatory genes. These gene-level variations resulted in different pathway enrichment patterns, with women displaying more balanced and focused modulation of inflammatory processes and men displaying more extensive and possibly less controlled responses. RNA-seq data from an external cohort were used to validate the obtained results . Overall, this study aims to provide new evidence supporting the role of sex as a bio- logical determinant of inflammatory bowel disease. The incorporation of biological sex into analytical and clinical models may lead to a better patient stratification and to the development of more individualised and successful treatment strategies.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/102645