Introduction Oral habits represent functional factors that may interfere with normal craniofacial development in the pediatric population, leading to dento-skeletal and occlusal alterations. The most common habits include thumb sucking, prolonged pacifier use, atypical swallowing, and mouth breathing. Although the effects of individual habits have been widely described, the analysis of their functional interactions and cumulative impact on orofacial development remains limited. Objectives The aim of this systematic review is to critically analyze the scientific literature regarding the relationship and interaction between major oral habits and the development of malocclusions in children, with particular focus on the functional interplay among sucking, swallowing, and breathing. Materials and Methods A systematic literature review was conducted according to PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Searches were performed in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library, including articles published in English or Italian up to September 2025. Original articles involving children aged 0–14 years and evaluating the association between one or more oral habits and functional or occlusal alterations were included. Results The available evidence indicates that thumb sucking and prolonged pacifier use are frequently associated with anterior open bite, increased overjet, and skeletal Class II patterns, promoting myofunctional adaptations such as atypical swallowing and low tongue posture. Mouth breathing contributes to the persistence of occlusal and skeletal alterations, configuring a dysfunctional loop in which different habits tend to reinforce one another. The coexistence of multiple habits is associated with a greater impact on orofacial development. Conclusions Oral habits should be interpreted as interdependent manifestations of a global functional imbalance rather than isolated behaviors. Early identification of functional interactions and the adoption of a multidisciplinary approach represent key elements in the prevention of malocclusions and in promoting harmonious craniofacial development.
Introduzione Le abitudini orali viziate rappresentano fattori funzionali in grado di interferire con il normale sviluppo cranio-facciale in età pediatrica, determinando alterazioni dento-scheletriche e occlusali. Tra le più frequenti si annoverano la suzione digitale, l’uso protratto del succhietto, la deglutizione atipica e la respirazione orale. Sebbene gli effetti delle singole abitudini siano ampiamente descritti, risulta ancora limitata l’analisi delle loro interazioni funzionali e del loro impatto cumulativo sullo sviluppo oro-facciale. Obiettivi L’obiettivo della presente revisione sistematica è analizzare criticamente la letteratura relativa alla relazione e all’interazione tra le principali abitudini orali viziate e lo sviluppo delle malocclusioni in età pediatrica, con particolare attenzione ai rapporti funzionali tra suzione, deglutizione e respirazione. Materiali e Metodi È stata condotta una revisione sistematica della letteratura secondo le linee guida PRISMA 2020. La ricerca è stata effettuata nei database PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus e Cochrane Library, includendo studi pubblicati in lingua inglese fino a settembre 2025. Sono stati selezionati studi originali condotti su soggetti di età compresa tra 0 e 14 anni, che valutassero l’associazione tra una o più abitudini orali viziate e alterazioni funzionali o occlusali. Risultati Le evidenze indicano che la suzione digitale e l’uso protratto del succhietto sono frequentemente associati a open bite anteriore, aumento dell’overjet e pattern di II Classe scheletrica, favorendo adattamenti miofunzionali quali deglutizione atipica e postura linguale bassa. La respirazione orale contribuisce al mantenimento delle alterazioni occlusali e scheletriche, configurando un circuito disfunzionale in cui le diverse abitudini tendono a rinforzarsi reciprocamente. La coesistenza di più abitudini risulta associata a un impatto più marcato sullo sviluppo oro-facciale. Conclusioni Le abitudini orali viziate devono essere interpretate come manifestazioni interdipendenti di uno squilibrio funzionale globale piuttosto che come fenomeni isolati. L’identificazione precoce delle interazioni funzionali e l’adozione di un approccio multidisciplinare rappresentano elementi chiave per la prevenzione delle malocclusioni e per la promozione di uno sviluppo cranio-facciale armonico.
INTERAZIONI TRA ABITUDINI ORALI VIZIATE E SVILUPPO ORO-FACCIALE IN ETÀ PEDIATRICA: REVISIONE SISTEMATICA DELLA LETTERATURA
SAVIN, SORINA
2023/2024
Abstract
Introduction Oral habits represent functional factors that may interfere with normal craniofacial development in the pediatric population, leading to dento-skeletal and occlusal alterations. The most common habits include thumb sucking, prolonged pacifier use, atypical swallowing, and mouth breathing. Although the effects of individual habits have been widely described, the analysis of their functional interactions and cumulative impact on orofacial development remains limited. Objectives The aim of this systematic review is to critically analyze the scientific literature regarding the relationship and interaction between major oral habits and the development of malocclusions in children, with particular focus on the functional interplay among sucking, swallowing, and breathing. Materials and Methods A systematic literature review was conducted according to PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Searches were performed in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library, including articles published in English or Italian up to September 2025. Original articles involving children aged 0–14 years and evaluating the association between one or more oral habits and functional or occlusal alterations were included. Results The available evidence indicates that thumb sucking and prolonged pacifier use are frequently associated with anterior open bite, increased overjet, and skeletal Class II patterns, promoting myofunctional adaptations such as atypical swallowing and low tongue posture. Mouth breathing contributes to the persistence of occlusal and skeletal alterations, configuring a dysfunctional loop in which different habits tend to reinforce one another. The coexistence of multiple habits is associated with a greater impact on orofacial development. Conclusions Oral habits should be interpreted as interdependent manifestations of a global functional imbalance rather than isolated behaviors. Early identification of functional interactions and the adoption of a multidisciplinary approach represent key elements in the prevention of malocclusions and in promoting harmonious craniofacial development.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/103179