This paper provides an in-depth analysis of Norovirus (NoV) as an emerging food safety pathogen, focusing on its role in oyster contamination and the risk of infection resulting from raw oyster consumption. The paper analyzes the virus's structural and genetic characteristics, its remarkable environmental resistance, and its low infectious dose, making it a major contributor to acute foodborne gastroenteritis globally. Specific attention is paid to the mechanisms of Norovirus accumulation in oyster tissue, determined by the mollusk's filtering activity and the presence of specific cellular receptors (HBGA-like molecules) that prevent complete elimination of the virus even after depuration processes. The differences in persistence between the GI and GII genogroups are also analyzed, highlighting how the former exhibits greater resistance to relocation and depuration treatments. The thesis provides an epidemiological overview based on European and Italian studies, including EFSA data and research conducted in Liguria and Tuscany, which confirm the presence of Norovirus even in areas classified as low microbiological risk. Currently available mitigation strategies — traditional purification, temperature-controlled purification, and relaying — are evaluated, highlighting their limitations, costs, and potential applications. Finally, the thesis places the problem within the broader context of sustainable aquaculture, analyzing the growing role of Italian oyster farming, favored by the mussel farming crisis and the spread of the blue crab (Callinectes sapidus). The work emphasizes the need for integrated approaches combining public health, environmental management, and production innovation within a One Health perspective.
Il presente elaborato affronta in modo approfondito il tema del Norovirus (NoV) come agente patogeno emergente nella sicurezza alimentare, con particolare riferimento al suo ruolo nella contaminazione delle ostriche e al rischio di infezione derivante dal loro consumo crudo. Il lavoro analizza le caratteristiche strutturali e genetiche del virus, la sua notevole resistenza ambientale e la bassa dose infettiva, che ne fanno uno dei principali responsabili delle gastroenteriti acute di origine alimentare a livello globale. Un’attenzione specifica è dedicata ai meccanismi di accumulo del Norovirus nei tessuti delle ostriche, determinati dall’attività filtrante del mollusco e dalla presenza di recettori cellulari specifici (molecole HBGA-like) che ostacolano la completa eliminazione del virus anche dopo i processi di depurazione. Vengono inoltre analizzate le differenze di persistenza tra i genogruppi GI e GII, evidenziando come il primo mostri una maggiore resistenza ai trattamenti di rilocazione e depurazione. La tesi propone una panoramica epidemiologica basata su studi europei e italiani, tra cui i dati dell’EFSA e ricerche condotte in Liguria e Toscana, che confermano la presenza di Norovirus anche in aree classificate come a basso rischio microbiologico. Vengono valutate le strategie di mitigazione oggi disponibili — depurazione tradizionale, depurazione a temperatura controllata e relaying — mettendone in luce limiti, costi e potenzialità applicative. Infine, l’elaborato colloca il problema nel contesto più ampio dell’acquacoltura sostenibile, analizzando il ruolo crescente dell’ostricoltura italiana, favorita dalla crisi della mitilicoltura e dalla diffusione del granchio blu (Callinectes sapidus). Il lavoro sottolinea la necessità di approcci integrati tra sanità pubblica, gestione ambientale e innovazione produttiva in un’ottica One Health.
Ostriche e Norovirus: interazioni biologiche, sicurezza alimentare e implicazioni per la salute pubblica
COIN, FILIPPO
2024/2025
Abstract
This paper provides an in-depth analysis of Norovirus (NoV) as an emerging food safety pathogen, focusing on its role in oyster contamination and the risk of infection resulting from raw oyster consumption. The paper analyzes the virus's structural and genetic characteristics, its remarkable environmental resistance, and its low infectious dose, making it a major contributor to acute foodborne gastroenteritis globally. Specific attention is paid to the mechanisms of Norovirus accumulation in oyster tissue, determined by the mollusk's filtering activity and the presence of specific cellular receptors (HBGA-like molecules) that prevent complete elimination of the virus even after depuration processes. The differences in persistence between the GI and GII genogroups are also analyzed, highlighting how the former exhibits greater resistance to relocation and depuration treatments. The thesis provides an epidemiological overview based on European and Italian studies, including EFSA data and research conducted in Liguria and Tuscany, which confirm the presence of Norovirus even in areas classified as low microbiological risk. Currently available mitigation strategies — traditional purification, temperature-controlled purification, and relaying — are evaluated, highlighting their limitations, costs, and potential applications. Finally, the thesis places the problem within the broader context of sustainable aquaculture, analyzing the growing role of Italian oyster farming, favored by the mussel farming crisis and the spread of the blue crab (Callinectes sapidus). The work emphasizes the need for integrated approaches combining public health, environmental management, and production innovation within a One Health perspective.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/103295