Introduction - Non-convulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) is an underdiagnosed neurological complication in cardiac surgery patients, with a significant impact on overall prognosis and length of stay in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Its clinical presentation is often subclinical, characterized by altered consciousness without evident motor activity; this necessitates vigilant clinical suspicion and the systematic use of electroencephalographic (EEG) monitoring in at-risk patients. In the cardiac surgery setting, NCSE warrants particular attention as it may serve as a prodrome of acute symptomatic seizures, reflecting encephalopathic distress related to perioperative brain injury. Objective - The objective of this single-center retrospective observational study is to analyze the incidence, predisposing factors, and outcomes associated with NCSE in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Particular focus is placed on the impact of anesthesia, cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), and intraoperative complications. The study includes a review of recent literature and a retrospective analysis of cases identified within our department, evaluating diagnostic timing, therapeutic strategies, and clinical outcomes. Materials and Methods - The study population consists of patients who underwent cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass during the second half of 2025 and were admitted to the Cardiac Surgery Intensive Care Unit at Ca’ Foncello Hospital in Treviso (Aulss 2 – Marca Trevigiana), who subsequently developed status epilepticus during the postoperative period. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results and Conclusions - The results indicate that the incidence of status epilepticus in our unit is comparable to the rates most frequently reported in the literature. Among the collected cases, neither convulsive nor non-convulsive forms were associated with positive CT imaging for acute events in any of the patients. These findings suggest that EEG monitoring is preferable during the weaning phase from intraoperative anesthesia, or at least following the detection of neurological dysfunction upon awakening, allowing for the postponement of neuroimaging in unstable patients. This thesis further proposes that, within a structured diagnostic-therapeutic pathway, the identification and management of NCSE in cardiac surgery could benefit from continuous EEG monitoring (or at least bedside neuromonitoring such as BIS) to minimize diagnostic delay, facilitate the initiation of appropriate therapy, and maintain an adequate level of sedation.
Introduzione - Lo stato epilettico non convulsivo (NCSE) rappresenta una complicanza neurologica sottodiagnosticata nel paziente sottoposto ad intervento cardiochirurgico, con un impatto significativo sulla prognosi complessiva e sulla durata della degenza in terapia intensiva. La sua manifestazione, spesso sublinica e caratterizzata da alterazioni dello stato di coscienza senza attività motoria evidente, rende necessaria un’attenta vigilanza e un’alto livello di sospetto clinico, nonché l’impiego sistematico del monitoraggio elettroencefalografico (EEG) nei pazienti potenzialmente a rischio di sviluppare questa complicanza. Nel contesto cardiochirurgico, tale manifestazione neurologica risulta meritevole di considerazione in quanto potrebbe rappresentare un prodromo di crisi epilettiche acute sintomatiche, a loro volta espressione di uno stato di sofferenza encefalica da correlare a un insulto cerebrale perioperatorio. Obiettivi - L’obiettivo di questo studio osservazionale retrospettivo monocentrico è analizzare l’incidenza, i fattori predisponenti e gli esiti associati al NCSE nei pazienti sottoposti ad intervento cardiochirurgico, con particolare attenzione all’impatto dell’anestesia, della circolazione extracorporea e delle complicanze intraoperatorie. Lo studio include una revisione della letteratura più recente e un’analisi retrospettiva dei casi identificati presso la nostra unità operativa, valutando tempistiche diagnostiche, strategie terapeutiche e outcome clinici. Materiali e Metodi - La casistica analizzata riguarda i pazienti sottoposti ad intervento cardiochirurgico in circolazione extracorporea, nel secondo semestre del 2025 e ricoverati presso l’Unità Operativa Semplice di Terapia Intensiva Cardiochirurgica dell’Ospedale Ca’ Foncello di Treviso (Aulss 2 – Marca Trevigiana), che nel periodo postoperatorio hanno sviluppato uno stato di male epilettico. I dati raccolti sono stati analizzati con strumenti di statistica descrittiva. Risultati e Conclusioni - I risultati evidenziano che l’insorgenza di stato di male epilettico presso la nostra unità operativa presenta un’incidenza paragonabile a quella più frequentemente riportata in letteratura; tra i casi raccolti, né le forme convulsive né quelle non convulsive si associavano ad imaging TC positivo per eventi acuti nella totalità dei pazienti, da cui risulterebbe preferibile un monitoraggio EEG durante la fase di weaning del paziente dalla coda dell’anestesia intraoperatoria, o quanto meno successivamente al riscontro di una disfunzione neurologica al momento del risveglio, e la possibilità di posticipare l’esame di imaging in caso di paziente instabile. La tesi propone inoltre che, nell’ambito di un percorso diagnostico-terapeutico strutturato, l’identificazione e la gestione del NCSE nel contesto cardiochirurgico potrebbero beneficiare dell’impiego del monitoraggio EEG in continuo (o quantomento di un neuromonitoraggio bedside come il BIS) al fine di ridurre quanto più possibile il ritardo diagnostico, l’avvio di una terapia appropriata ed il mantenimento di un livello di sedazione adeguato.
Gestione diagnostico-terapeutica dell'epilessia post bypass cardipolmonare: correlazione fra EEG, imaging e outcome
BORDIN, FRANCESCO
2023/2024
Abstract
Introduction - Non-convulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) is an underdiagnosed neurological complication in cardiac surgery patients, with a significant impact on overall prognosis and length of stay in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Its clinical presentation is often subclinical, characterized by altered consciousness without evident motor activity; this necessitates vigilant clinical suspicion and the systematic use of electroencephalographic (EEG) monitoring in at-risk patients. In the cardiac surgery setting, NCSE warrants particular attention as it may serve as a prodrome of acute symptomatic seizures, reflecting encephalopathic distress related to perioperative brain injury. Objective - The objective of this single-center retrospective observational study is to analyze the incidence, predisposing factors, and outcomes associated with NCSE in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Particular focus is placed on the impact of anesthesia, cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), and intraoperative complications. The study includes a review of recent literature and a retrospective analysis of cases identified within our department, evaluating diagnostic timing, therapeutic strategies, and clinical outcomes. Materials and Methods - The study population consists of patients who underwent cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass during the second half of 2025 and were admitted to the Cardiac Surgery Intensive Care Unit at Ca’ Foncello Hospital in Treviso (Aulss 2 – Marca Trevigiana), who subsequently developed status epilepticus during the postoperative period. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results and Conclusions - The results indicate that the incidence of status epilepticus in our unit is comparable to the rates most frequently reported in the literature. Among the collected cases, neither convulsive nor non-convulsive forms were associated with positive CT imaging for acute events in any of the patients. These findings suggest that EEG monitoring is preferable during the weaning phase from intraoperative anesthesia, or at least following the detection of neurological dysfunction upon awakening, allowing for the postponement of neuroimaging in unstable patients. This thesis further proposes that, within a structured diagnostic-therapeutic pathway, the identification and management of NCSE in cardiac surgery could benefit from continuous EEG monitoring (or at least bedside neuromonitoring such as BIS) to minimize diagnostic delay, facilitate the initiation of appropriate therapy, and maintain an adequate level of sedation.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/103393