Background. In acyanotic congenital heart disease with left-to-right shunt, quantification of the pulmonary-to-systemic flow ratio (Qp/Qs) is pivotal for clinical assessment and treatment decisions. Right-heart catheterization with an oximetry run and Fick-based calculations remains the reference standard, but it is invasive and not easily repeatable. Minimally invasive technologies based on arterial pressure waveform (pulse-contour) analysis may provide continuous cardiac output (CO) estimates and, indirectly, support Qp/Qs assessment. Objectives. To evaluate the comparability between reference and innovative methods for cardiac output measurement, and to assess agreement between Qp/Qs derived from calculated flows and oximetry-based Qp/Qs obtained during catheterization in patients with suspected pulmonary overcirculation. Methods. Retrospective single-center study (Gallucci Center, Padova University Hospital; February 2024–July 2025) including 9 patients (age 9–73 years) with congenital heart disease and suspected left-to-right shunt. Reference cardiac output was obtained using a Swan–Ganz pulmonary artery catheter with heated-filament continuous thermodilution (CO_SG20) and compared with cardiac output estimated by the Acumen IQ/HaemoSphere minimally invasive system (CO_Acumen) during hemodynamically stable intervals. In a subgroup with complete catheterization data (n=6), calculated Qp/Qs (Qp/Qs_calc) was compared with Qp/Qs measured in the catheterization laboratory (Qp/Qs_meas). Paired comparisons were performed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, and agreement was explored using Bland–Altman analysis. Results. In the subgroup (n=6), no statistically significant difference was observed between Qp/Qs_calc and Qp/Qs_meas (p = 0.116). Bland–Altman analysis showed a mean bias of −0.28 (SD 0.41), with 95% limits of agreement from −1.09 to 0.53, suggesting a slight average underestimation of Qp/Qs derived from waveform-based flow estimates compared with oximetry-derived values, with non-negligible inter-individual variability. Conclusions. In this exploratory cohort, Qp/Qs estimation derived from minimally invasive cardiac output monitoring showed an encouraging average agreement with catheterization-based assessment; however, wide limits of agreement limit interchangeability at the individual level. Larger studies are warranted to define clinical scenarios in which these technologies may complement—rather than replace—right-heart catheterization and Fick-based shunt quantification
Introduzione. Nelle cardiopatie congenite non cianogene con shunt sinistro-destro, la quantificazione del rapporto tra flusso polmonare e sistemico (Qp/Qs) è centrale per la stratificazione clinica e l’indicazione alla chiusura del difetto. Il cateterismo cardiaco destro con run ossimetrico e calcolo secondo Fick rappresenta il riferimento, ma è invasivo e non sempre agevolmente ripetibile. Tecnologie mini-invasive basate sull’analisi dell’onda pressoria potrebbero fornire una stima continua della portata cardiaca e, indirettamente, dello shunt. Obiettivi. Valutare la comparabilità tra metodiche tradizionali e innovative di misurazione della portata cardiaca e verificare l’accordo tra Qp/Qs calcolato a partire dalle portate e Qp/Qs ossimetrico da cateterismo in pazienti con sospetto iperafflusso polmonare. Materiali e metodi. Studio retrospettivo monocentrico (Centro Gallucci, AOU Padova; febbraio 2024–luglio 2025) su 9 pazienti (età 9–73 anni) con cardiopatia congenita e sospetto shunt sinistro-destro. La portata cardiaca di riferimento è stata ottenuta tramite catetere arterioso polmonare Swan–Ganz con termodiluizione continua a filamento riscaldante (CO_SG20) e confrontata con la portata cardiaca stimata dal sistema mini-invasivo Acumen IQ/HaemoSphere (CO_Acumen) in intervalli emodinamicamente stabili. In un sottogruppo con dati completi (n=6), Qp/Qs calcolato (Qp/Qs_calc) è stato confrontato con Qp/Qs misurato in emodinamica (Qp/Qs_mis) mediante Wilcoxon per campioni appaiati e analisi di Bland–Altman. Risultati. Nel sottogruppo (n=6) non è emersa differenza statisticamente significativa tra Qp/Qs_calc e Qp/Qs_mis (p=0,116). Bland–Altman ha mostrato bias −0,28 (DS 0,41) con limiti di concordanza 95% da −1,09 a 0,53, indicando una lieve sottostima media del Qp/Qs “da trasduttore” rispetto all’ossimetrico, ma con variabilità interindividuale non trascurabile. Conclusioni. In questo campione esplorativo, la stima di Qp/Qs derivata dalle portate mostra una concordanza media incoraggiante rispetto al cateterismo, pur con limiti di concordanza ampi che ne riducono l’intercambiabilità nel singolo paziente. Studi più ampi sono necessari per definire in quali contesti clinici tali metodiche possano integrare il cateterismo nella valutazione dello shunt.
Monitoraggio mini-invasivo della portata cardiaca e stima del Qp/Qs negli shunt congeniti sinistro-destri: confronto con il cateterismo cardiaco destro
SOPRACORDEVOLE, FILIPPO
2023/2024
Abstract
Background. In acyanotic congenital heart disease with left-to-right shunt, quantification of the pulmonary-to-systemic flow ratio (Qp/Qs) is pivotal for clinical assessment and treatment decisions. Right-heart catheterization with an oximetry run and Fick-based calculations remains the reference standard, but it is invasive and not easily repeatable. Minimally invasive technologies based on arterial pressure waveform (pulse-contour) analysis may provide continuous cardiac output (CO) estimates and, indirectly, support Qp/Qs assessment. Objectives. To evaluate the comparability between reference and innovative methods for cardiac output measurement, and to assess agreement between Qp/Qs derived from calculated flows and oximetry-based Qp/Qs obtained during catheterization in patients with suspected pulmonary overcirculation. Methods. Retrospective single-center study (Gallucci Center, Padova University Hospital; February 2024–July 2025) including 9 patients (age 9–73 years) with congenital heart disease and suspected left-to-right shunt. Reference cardiac output was obtained using a Swan–Ganz pulmonary artery catheter with heated-filament continuous thermodilution (CO_SG20) and compared with cardiac output estimated by the Acumen IQ/HaemoSphere minimally invasive system (CO_Acumen) during hemodynamically stable intervals. In a subgroup with complete catheterization data (n=6), calculated Qp/Qs (Qp/Qs_calc) was compared with Qp/Qs measured in the catheterization laboratory (Qp/Qs_meas). Paired comparisons were performed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, and agreement was explored using Bland–Altman analysis. Results. In the subgroup (n=6), no statistically significant difference was observed between Qp/Qs_calc and Qp/Qs_meas (p = 0.116). Bland–Altman analysis showed a mean bias of −0.28 (SD 0.41), with 95% limits of agreement from −1.09 to 0.53, suggesting a slight average underestimation of Qp/Qs derived from waveform-based flow estimates compared with oximetry-derived values, with non-negligible inter-individual variability. Conclusions. In this exploratory cohort, Qp/Qs estimation derived from minimally invasive cardiac output monitoring showed an encouraging average agreement with catheterization-based assessment; however, wide limits of agreement limit interchangeability at the individual level. Larger studies are warranted to define clinical scenarios in which these technologies may complement—rather than replace—right-heart catheterization and Fick-based shunt quantification| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/103398