Introduction: Perineal tears are a common complication of vaginal delivery; the impact of administering by epidural catheter “top-up” boluses during the second stage of labor on perineal morbidity remains poorly investigated. Objective: To assess whether an epidural “expulsive bolus” is associated with the incidence and severity of perineal tears in nulliparous women. Materials and methods: This was a single-center retrospective case–control study including nulliparous women aged 18–45 years with singleton, cephalic vertex presentation who received epidural analgesia between 01/01/2021 and 12/31/2023. A total of 1,303 women were included: 274 received a top-up bolus during the expulsive phase (cases) and 1,029 did not (controls). Analyses included between-group comparisons and multivariable logistic regression incorporating maternal, obstetric, and epidural management variables. Results. The incidence of perineal tears did not differ significantly between groups (54.4% vs 58.5%; p=0.220), and severity distribution was comparable, with third- and fourth-degree tears being rare. The second stage of labor was longer by only 24.5 minutes in the “expulsive bolus” group (median 75.5 [50–109.7] vs 51 [32–76.7] minutes; p<0.001). The rate of operative delivery did not increase significantly in women receiving analgesia during the expulsive phase (16.1% vs 13.9%; p=0.364). In the multivariable model, epidural parameters (dose, volume, timing, opioid use) were not associated with the outcome; associations emerged with neonatal birthweight (OR 1.04 per +100 g; p=0.031) and episiotomy (OR 0.02; p<0.001). Conclusions. In a population already receiving epidural analgesia, a top-up bolus during the expulsive phase does not measurably increase the incidence or severity of perineal tears, although it is associated with a minimal prolingation of the second stage. Prevention of perineal trauma appears to be more strongly related to obstetric factors (e.g., fetal weight and perineal management).
Introduzione: Le lacerazioni perineali rappresentano una complicanza frequente del parto vaginale; l’impatto della somministrazione di boli “top-up” tramite catetere epidurale durante il secondo stadio del travaglio di parto sulla morbilità perineale è ancora poco indagato. Obiettivo: Valutare se il “bolo espulsivo” di analgesia epidurale sia associato all’incidenza e alla gravità delle lacerazioni perineali nelle donne primipare. Materiali e metodi: Studio retrospettivo caso-controllo monocentrico su donne primipare tra i 18 e i 45 anni con gravidanza singola e presentazione fetale cefalica di vertice, sottoposte ad analgesia epidurale, nel periodo 1/1/2021–31/12/2023. Sono state incluse 1303 pazienti: 274 hanno ricevuto un bolo top-up in fase espulsiva (casi) e 1029 non lo hanno ricevuto (controlli). L’analisi ha previsto confronti tra gruppi e regressione logistica multivariata includendo variabili materne, ostetriche e relative alla gestione epidurale. Risultati: L’incidenza di lacerazioni perineali non differisce significativamente tra i gruppi (54,4% vs 58,5%; p=0,220) e anche la distribuzione della gravità è risultata sovrapponibile, con rarità di lesioni di III–IV grado. Il secondo stadio è risultato più lungo di soli 24.5 minuti nel gruppo “bolo espulsivo” (mediana 75,5 [50–109,7] vs 51 [32–76,7] minuti; p<0,001). L’incidenza di parto operativo non aumenta in modo statisticamente significativo nel gruppo che riceve analgesia in fase espulsiva (16,1% vs 13,9% p=0,364). Nel modello multivariato, i parametri epidurali (dose, volume, timing, uso di oppioidi) non risultano associati all’outcome; emergono invece associazioni con il peso neonatale (OR 1,04 per +100 g; p=0,031) ed l’episiotomia (OR 0,02; p<0,001). Conclusioni: In una popolazione già in analgesia epidurale, il top-up in fase espulsiva non aumenta in modo misurabile l’incidenza né la severità delle lacerazioni perineali, pur associandosi ad un minimo prolungamento del secondo stadio; la prevenzione del trauma perineale sembra maggiormente legata a fattori ostetrici (es. peso fetale e gestione perineale).
Associazione tra analgesia epidurale in fase espulsiva del travaglio di parto e lacerazioni perineali
FIOR, ILARIA
2023/2024
Abstract
Introduction: Perineal tears are a common complication of vaginal delivery; the impact of administering by epidural catheter “top-up” boluses during the second stage of labor on perineal morbidity remains poorly investigated. Objective: To assess whether an epidural “expulsive bolus” is associated with the incidence and severity of perineal tears in nulliparous women. Materials and methods: This was a single-center retrospective case–control study including nulliparous women aged 18–45 years with singleton, cephalic vertex presentation who received epidural analgesia between 01/01/2021 and 12/31/2023. A total of 1,303 women were included: 274 received a top-up bolus during the expulsive phase (cases) and 1,029 did not (controls). Analyses included between-group comparisons and multivariable logistic regression incorporating maternal, obstetric, and epidural management variables. Results. The incidence of perineal tears did not differ significantly between groups (54.4% vs 58.5%; p=0.220), and severity distribution was comparable, with third- and fourth-degree tears being rare. The second stage of labor was longer by only 24.5 minutes in the “expulsive bolus” group (median 75.5 [50–109.7] vs 51 [32–76.7] minutes; p<0.001). The rate of operative delivery did not increase significantly in women receiving analgesia during the expulsive phase (16.1% vs 13.9%; p=0.364). In the multivariable model, epidural parameters (dose, volume, timing, opioid use) were not associated with the outcome; associations emerged with neonatal birthweight (OR 1.04 per +100 g; p=0.031) and episiotomy (OR 0.02; p<0.001). Conclusions. In a population already receiving epidural analgesia, a top-up bolus during the expulsive phase does not measurably increase the incidence or severity of perineal tears, although it is associated with a minimal prolingation of the second stage. Prevention of perineal trauma appears to be more strongly related to obstetric factors (e.g., fetal weight and perineal management).| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/103405