Background: Diaphragmatic dysfunction is highly prevalent in critically ill patients undergoing mechanical ventilation (MV) and is closely associated with weaning failure and poor clinical outcomes. Conventional ultrasound parameters have limitations in accurately quantifying diaphragmatic effort during Spontaneous Breathing Trials (SBT). Diaphragmatic longitudinal strain (LSdi), assessed by speckle tracking technique, may provide a more direct and quantitative assessment of muscle fibers deformation during contraction. Study motivation: To describe the temporal evolution of LSdi during an SBT and to evaluate its association with conventional ultrasound parameters, non-invasive surrogates of respiratory drive and effort (Pocc, P0.1, TFdi and RSBI), and the ultimate outcome of the weaning process. Methods: This prospective, multicenter observational study included adult ICU patients undergoing an SBT. B-mode ultrasound clips of the diaphragm were acquired at baseline (T0) and at specific timepoints during the SBT (T2, T15, T30). Clips were analyzed offline to calculate LSdi and diaphragmatic strain rate (LSratedi). Ultrasound-derived parameters were compared with conventional indices (Pocc, P0.1, TFdi, RSBI). Associations were analyzed using linear mixed-effects models. Technique reliability was assessed using Bland-Altman analysis and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Results: Measuring LSdi was feasible in the majority of patients (technical feasibility 95%). LSdi showed significant variation following the start of the SBT (p<0.001), reflecting the increased diaphragmatic load after the withdrawal of ventilatory support. Significantly correlation were observed between LSdi and surrogates of inspiratory efforts (Pocc p<0.001) and drive (P0.1 p<0.01). In exploratory analysis, patients who failed the weaning process exhibited less negative LSdi values compared to those successfully weaned (p<0.05). This technique demonstrated high reproducibility (ICC 0.90). Conclusion: Speckle tracking analysis allows for a dynamic and quantitative assessment of diaphragmatic function during weaning. LSdi correlates with key non-invasive indicators of respiratory drive and effort and shows potential clinical value in predicting weaning outcomes. Larger studies are warranted to confirm its prognostic role and establish clinical thresholds for bedside monitoring.
Background: La disfunzione diaframmatica è frequente nei pazienti critici sottoposti a ventilazione meccanica (VM) ed è strettamente correlata al fallimento dello svezzamento (weaning) e dell’estubazione. Le tecniche ecografiche convenzionali presentano limiti nella valutazione dello sforzo diaframmatico, specialmente durante i test di respiro spontaneo (spontanous breathing trials - SBT). Lo strain longitudinale diaframmatico (LSdi), misurato tramite la tecnica speckle tracking, può fornire una valutazione quantitativa e diretta della deformazione muscolare diaframmatica durante la contrazione. Study motivation: Descrivere l’andamento temporale di LSdi durante un SBT e valutare la sua associazione con parametri ecografiche convenzionali (TFdi), i surrogati non invasivi di drive (P0.1) ed effort inspiratorio (Pocc) e, inoltre, valutare l’esito della liberazione dalla ventilazione meccanica. Methods: Studio prospettico osservazionale bi-centrico condotto su pazienti adulti in terapia intensiva sottoposti a SBT. Sono stati acquisiti video in B-mode del diaframma al baseline (T0) e a intervalli prestabiliti durante l’SBT (T2, T15, T30). I video sono stati analizzati off-line, per ottenere LSdi e strain rate diaframmatico (LSratedi). I parametri ecografici sono stati confrontati con variabili convenzionali (Pocc, P0.1, TFdi, RSBI). La ripetibilità e la riproducibilità della tecnica sono stante valutate tramite analisi di Bland-Altmann e coefficienti di correlazione interclasse (ICC). Results: La misurazione del LSdi è risultata fattibile nella maggior parte dei pazienti (fattibilità tecnica 95%). LSdi è variato significativamente all’iniziare dell’SBT (p<0.001), riflettendo l’aumento del carico diaframmatico dopo sospensione del supporto ventilatorio. È, inoltre, emersa una correlazione significativa tra LSdi e gli indici di sforzo inspiratorio, in particolare con la Pocc (p<0.001) e la P0.1 (p<0.01). In una analisi esplorativa i pazienti con fallimento dello svezzamento hanno mostrato valori di LSdi meno negativi rispetto a quelli svezzati con successo (p<0.05). La tecnica ha mostrato una buona ripetibilità complessiva (ICC 0.90). Conclusion: L’analisi condotta mediante speckle tracking permette una valutazione dinamica e quantitativa della funzione diaframmatica durante lo svezzamento respiratorio. Il LSdi correla significativamente con i principali indicatori non-invasivi di drive ed effort e mostra un potenziale valore clinico nella discriminazione degli esiti di weaning. Saranno necessari studi su campioni più ampi per confermare il ruolo prognostico e stabilire soglie cliniche di riferimento.
DIAPHRAGM STRAIN BY SPECKLE TRACKING DURING SPONTANEOUS BREATHING TRIALS
ZANON, PAOLA
2023/2024
Abstract
Background: Diaphragmatic dysfunction is highly prevalent in critically ill patients undergoing mechanical ventilation (MV) and is closely associated with weaning failure and poor clinical outcomes. Conventional ultrasound parameters have limitations in accurately quantifying diaphragmatic effort during Spontaneous Breathing Trials (SBT). Diaphragmatic longitudinal strain (LSdi), assessed by speckle tracking technique, may provide a more direct and quantitative assessment of muscle fibers deformation during contraction. Study motivation: To describe the temporal evolution of LSdi during an SBT and to evaluate its association with conventional ultrasound parameters, non-invasive surrogates of respiratory drive and effort (Pocc, P0.1, TFdi and RSBI), and the ultimate outcome of the weaning process. Methods: This prospective, multicenter observational study included adult ICU patients undergoing an SBT. B-mode ultrasound clips of the diaphragm were acquired at baseline (T0) and at specific timepoints during the SBT (T2, T15, T30). Clips were analyzed offline to calculate LSdi and diaphragmatic strain rate (LSratedi). Ultrasound-derived parameters were compared with conventional indices (Pocc, P0.1, TFdi, RSBI). Associations were analyzed using linear mixed-effects models. Technique reliability was assessed using Bland-Altman analysis and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Results: Measuring LSdi was feasible in the majority of patients (technical feasibility 95%). LSdi showed significant variation following the start of the SBT (p<0.001), reflecting the increased diaphragmatic load after the withdrawal of ventilatory support. Significantly correlation were observed between LSdi and surrogates of inspiratory efforts (Pocc p<0.001) and drive (P0.1 p<0.01). In exploratory analysis, patients who failed the weaning process exhibited less negative LSdi values compared to those successfully weaned (p<0.05). This technique demonstrated high reproducibility (ICC 0.90). Conclusion: Speckle tracking analysis allows for a dynamic and quantitative assessment of diaphragmatic function during weaning. LSdi correlates with key non-invasive indicators of respiratory drive and effort and shows potential clinical value in predicting weaning outcomes. Larger studies are warranted to confirm its prognostic role and establish clinical thresholds for bedside monitoring.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/103407