Introduction: cerebral sinovenous thrombosis (CSVT) in childhood (29 days- 18 years) is a potentially life threatening cerebrovascular condition. In childhood, risk factors include infections (usually head/neck), systemic illnesses and chronic disease leading to hypercoagulability. Objectives: the aim of this study is to describe the Italian cohort of pediatric CSVT cases using data from the national registry R.I.T.I. (Registro Italiano Trombosi Infantili). The goal is to describe CSVT features and identify predictive factors that may influence the long term outcome. Methods: this study has an observational, longitudinal and retrospective design. Pediatric patients with CSVT included in registry RITI are the population of the study. Data from 160 children with CSVT were exported from REDcap. Univariate Firth logistic regression was performed reporting odds ratios with p-values and q-values and displaying in the forest plots. A multivariable Ridge penalized model was used to explore independent predictors of the outcomes. Results: most children were male (63%). Ethnicity was Caucasian in 92.4%, African in 4,4%, Asian (2,5%) and mixed ethnicity (0,6%). The most common symptoms included headache (55%), fever (46%), vomiting (43%) lethargy (32%) and seizures (18%). The most frequent risk factors were head/neck infections (56%), systemic diseases (33%), iatrogenic factors such as medications (23%) and thrombophilia (9,8%). MRI was performed in 90 % of cases (139/154) revealing a thrombotic lesion in 40%, a venous infarction 17%, and a hemorrhagic lesion in 9,4% (139/154) of patients. MRI with vascular sequences was available in 75% (112/150) and among these, in 66% of cases showed non-visualisation of a venous structure. Most patients (97%,151/156) received antithrombotic therapy, with 93,1 % (149/160) treated with anticoagulants (LMWH in 88%, 138/158, UFH in 39,7%, 62/158). The mean duration of follow-up was 22.35 months (SD 28.67) with a median 11.10 months. During admission, death occurred in 0.7% (1/146) of patients. At last follow-up, death was reported in additional 2.8% (3/106) of patients, not directly related to the CSVT event. Recurrence of thrombotic event occurred in 0.6% (1/160) in the same vascular site (after partial or complete recanalization) and in 3.1% (5/160) at the different vascular site. At the last follow-up, recurrence of a thromboembolic event was reported in only one patient (1/106; 0,94%) (site not known) who had already experienced a recurrence at a different vascular site during hospitalization. At discharge, neurological deficits were described in 21.4% (31/145), and PSOM score was 0 in 83.8%. Seizures during admission were reported in 11.6% (17/147). At last follow-up, neurological deficits were reported in 11.1% (10/90) and seizures in 8.5% (9/106). At multivariate analysis, the presence of neurological deficits at discharge was the only independent predictor of neurological sequelae at follow-up (OR 4,26, p =0,046) and seizures at presentation independent predictor of the occurrence of seizures during follow-up (OR 9.42; p =0,004). In unadjusted analysis, intensive care admission increased neurological risk and male sex reduced recanalization but neither remained significant after multiple testing; no factors were associated with mortality. Conclusions: in this study 160 pediatric cases of CSVT from R.I.T.I. registry were analyzed. Neurological deficits at discharge were associated with higher risk of persistent neurological sequelae at follow-up, whereas seizure onset was associated with an increased risk of developing epilepsy.
Introduzione: la trombosi dei seni venosi cerebrali (CSVT) in età pediatrica (29 giorni-18 anni) è un evento cerebrovascolare raro. I principali fattori di rischio includono le infezioni del distretto testa-collo e le malattie croniche che comportano stati di ipercoagulabilità. Scopo della tesi: descrizione degli eventi di CSVT in età pediatrica utilizzando i dati del registro R.I.T.I. (Registro Italiano Trombosi Infantile) con focus sulle caratteristiche clinico-radiologiche e identificazione dei fattori predittivi sull’outcome a lungo termine. Metodi: studio osservazionale, longitudinale e retrospettivo. La popolazione dello studio è rappresentata dai 160 casi di CSVT in età pediatrica raccolti nel registro R.I.T.I. fino ad agosto 2025. I dati sono esportati tramite piattaforma REDcap. Sono stati studiati gli endpoint di interesse clinico con regressioni logistiche univariate secondo il modello Firth includendo covariate dicotomiche. Sono stati riportati degli odds ratio con relativi p-value e q-value e rappresentati tramite forest plot. Infine, un modello multivariabile con penalizzazione di Ridge è stato costruito per identificare predittori indipendenti degli outcome. Risultati: la maggior parte dei bambini era di sesso maschile (63%). I segni più comuni erano cefalea (55%), febbre (46%), vomito (43%), letargia (32%) e crisi epilettiche (18%). I fattori di rischio più frequenti erano infezioni del distretto capo-collo (56%), malattie sistemiche (33%) e fattori iatrogeni (23%). La RM cerebrale ha evidenziato formazione trombotica nel 40% dei casi, infarto venoso nel 17% e lesione emorragica nel 9,4%. L’angio RM ha mostrato nel 66% dei casi una mancata visualizzazione dei vasi coinvolti. La maggioranza (151/156; 97%) ha ricevuto terapia antitrombotica: nel 93% (149/160) anticoagulanti (LMWH in 138/158, 88%; UFH in 62/158, 39,7%). La durata media del follow-up era di 22.35 mesi (SD 28.67) con una mediana di 11.10 mesi. Durante il ricovero, si è verificato il decesso in un caso (0.7%). All’ultimo follow-up, sono stati descritti ulteriori 3 decessi (3/106, 2,8%) non direttamente correlati alle complicanze della CSVT, ma ad altri eventi. Durante la degenza, 1/160 (0.6%) ha presentato recidiva di evento nella stessa sede vascolare (dopo ricanalizzazione) e 5/160 (3.1%) hanno presentato un altro evento tromboembolico in sede vascolare diversa. All'ultimo follow-up è stata segnalata recidiva di evento tromboembolico solo in un paziente (1/106, 0.94%) (sede non nota), che aveva già presentato recidiva in sede vascolare diversa durante la degenza. Alla dimissione, i deficit neurologici erano descritti nel 21,4% (31/145) e lo PSOM score era 0 nel 83% dei casi. Le crisi epilettiche durante il ricovero si sono verificate nel 11,6% (17/47). All’ultimo follow up,i deficit neurologici erano riportati in 10/90 (11%) e le crisi epilettiche in 9/106 (8,5%). Alla regressione multivariata, il deficit neurologico alla dimissione è risultato l’unico predittore indipendentemente associato al deficit neurologico all’ultimo follow-up (OR 4,25 e p.value= 0,046). Analogamente, la presenza di crisi epilettiche all’esordio è risultata l’unico predittore indipendente dello sviluppo di crisi epilettiche a qualsiasi follow-up (OR 9.42; p =0,004). In analisi univariata noncorretta, il ricovero in terapia intensiva ha mostrato un aumentato rischio di deficit neurologico all’ultimo follow-up e il sesso maschile una ridotta probabilità di ricanalizzazione; tali associazioni non sono state confermate per confronti multipli. Nessuna variabile è risultata significativamente associata alla mortalità. Conclusioni: questo studio ha descritto 160 casi di CSVT in età pediatrica del registro R.I.T.I. La presenza di deficit neurologici alla dimissione sembra associarsi a maggior rischio di deficit neurologici persistenti al follow-up, mentre l’esordio con crisi epilettiche a maggior rischio di sviluppare epilessia.
Trombosi dei seni venosi cerebrali in età pediatrica: evidenze ed esperienza dal Registro Italiano Trombosi Infantili (R.I.T.I.)
IMPIERI, CRISTINA
2023/2024
Abstract
Introduction: cerebral sinovenous thrombosis (CSVT) in childhood (29 days- 18 years) is a potentially life threatening cerebrovascular condition. In childhood, risk factors include infections (usually head/neck), systemic illnesses and chronic disease leading to hypercoagulability. Objectives: the aim of this study is to describe the Italian cohort of pediatric CSVT cases using data from the national registry R.I.T.I. (Registro Italiano Trombosi Infantili). The goal is to describe CSVT features and identify predictive factors that may influence the long term outcome. Methods: this study has an observational, longitudinal and retrospective design. Pediatric patients with CSVT included in registry RITI are the population of the study. Data from 160 children with CSVT were exported from REDcap. Univariate Firth logistic regression was performed reporting odds ratios with p-values and q-values and displaying in the forest plots. A multivariable Ridge penalized model was used to explore independent predictors of the outcomes. Results: most children were male (63%). Ethnicity was Caucasian in 92.4%, African in 4,4%, Asian (2,5%) and mixed ethnicity (0,6%). The most common symptoms included headache (55%), fever (46%), vomiting (43%) lethargy (32%) and seizures (18%). The most frequent risk factors were head/neck infections (56%), systemic diseases (33%), iatrogenic factors such as medications (23%) and thrombophilia (9,8%). MRI was performed in 90 % of cases (139/154) revealing a thrombotic lesion in 40%, a venous infarction 17%, and a hemorrhagic lesion in 9,4% (139/154) of patients. MRI with vascular sequences was available in 75% (112/150) and among these, in 66% of cases showed non-visualisation of a venous structure. Most patients (97%,151/156) received antithrombotic therapy, with 93,1 % (149/160) treated with anticoagulants (LMWH in 88%, 138/158, UFH in 39,7%, 62/158). The mean duration of follow-up was 22.35 months (SD 28.67) with a median 11.10 months. During admission, death occurred in 0.7% (1/146) of patients. At last follow-up, death was reported in additional 2.8% (3/106) of patients, not directly related to the CSVT event. Recurrence of thrombotic event occurred in 0.6% (1/160) in the same vascular site (after partial or complete recanalization) and in 3.1% (5/160) at the different vascular site. At the last follow-up, recurrence of a thromboembolic event was reported in only one patient (1/106; 0,94%) (site not known) who had already experienced a recurrence at a different vascular site during hospitalization. At discharge, neurological deficits were described in 21.4% (31/145), and PSOM score was 0 in 83.8%. Seizures during admission were reported in 11.6% (17/147). At last follow-up, neurological deficits were reported in 11.1% (10/90) and seizures in 8.5% (9/106). At multivariate analysis, the presence of neurological deficits at discharge was the only independent predictor of neurological sequelae at follow-up (OR 4,26, p =0,046) and seizures at presentation independent predictor of the occurrence of seizures during follow-up (OR 9.42; p =0,004). In unadjusted analysis, intensive care admission increased neurological risk and male sex reduced recanalization but neither remained significant after multiple testing; no factors were associated with mortality. Conclusions: in this study 160 pediatric cases of CSVT from R.I.T.I. registry were analyzed. Neurological deficits at discharge were associated with higher risk of persistent neurological sequelae at follow-up, whereas seizure onset was associated with an increased risk of developing epilepsy.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/103473