Background: nowadays biologics (targeted antibody therapies) represent the cornerstone in the management of severe asthma: mepolizumab, omalizumab, dupilumab, tezepelumab are four biologics approved for use in children. Objectives: We investigated the characteristics of patients with severe asthma treated with biologics who had switched to another biologics during the follow-up at our center. The aim of our study was to determine the reason for the therapeutic switching and to evaluate the changes in clinical and functional control associated with the switch. Materials and methods: This is a retrospective observational study conducted on patients aged 6-17 years with severe asthma treated with biologics and who experienced a switch to another biologic treatment during the follow-up at our centre. Clinical, biochemical, and functional data were analyzed at the following time points: T0, corresponding to the initiation of the second biologic treatment, T1 and T2, 4 months and 12 months after the initiation of the second biologic, respectively. Results: In 8 patients the biologic therapy was switched. In 1 case, the switch was from omalizumab to dupilumab, in 5 cases from mepolizumab to dupilumab, and in 2 cases from mepolizumab to omalizumab. The reason for the switching was poor clinical control in most cases, and in only 1 case, difficult control of associated comorbidities. The switching was affected by the dispensing and reimbursement regimen for the drugs, given the patients' age. At the time of the therapeutic switching, the patients had experienced a median of 3 exacerbations in the previous 12 months (IQR 2.8-4); based on the GINA score, 3 patients had controlled asthma, 4 had partially controlled asthma, and 1 had uncontrolled asthma. At 4- and 12-month reassessments, clinical and functional improvement was observed. In particular, after 12 months, a reduction in the number of exacerbations was recorded (median 0, and IQR 0-0.3, p value = 0.03), and there was a significant increase in FEV1 (p = 0.002) and FEV1/FVC (p = 0.015). Improved clinical control was associated with a reduction, although not significant, in the daily dose of fluticasone equivalent (from a median value of 500 mcg to a median value of 425 mcg). Conclusions: Switching biologics, most often due to unsatisfactory asthma control, resulted in clinical and functional improvement. Our data therefore support the need for close clinical and functional monitoring of children treated with biologics, in order to correctly identify cases that may need a switch in monoclonal antibody therapy. Further studies are needed to standardize the indications for switching biologics in paediatric patients with severe asthma.
Introduzione: Attualmente la terapia con farmaci biologici rappresenta il cardine della gestione dell’asma grave: in età pediatrica sono approvati mepolizumab, omalizumab, dupilumab, tezepelumab. Scopo dello studio: Analizzare le caratteristiche dei pazienti con asma grave trattati con biologici che nel corso del follow-up presso il nostro centro hanno cambiato farmaco, allo scopo di indagare le ragioni del cambio terapeutico e valutare le variazioni in termini di controllo clinico e funzionale associate allo switch. Metodi: Si tratta di uno studio osservazionale retrospettivo condotto su pazienti di età compresa tra 6 e 17 anni, seguiti presso la nostra unità per asma grave, nei quali è stato cambiato il farmaco biologico in uso. Sono stati analizzati i dati clinici, bioumorali e funzionali ai seguenti tempi: T0 corrispondente al momento dell’avvio del secondo biologico, T1 a 4 mesi dall’avvio del secondo biologico, T2 a 12 mesi dall’avvio del secondo biologico. Risultati: Sono stati inclusi 8 pazienti che avevano cambiato farmaco biologico ed erano stati trattati con il secondo biologico per almeno 12 mesi. In 1 caso il cambio è stato fatto da omalizumab a dupilumab, in 5 casi da mepolizumab a dupilumab e in 2 casi da mepolizumab a omalizumab. Motivo del cambio è stato nella maggior parte dei casi lo scarso controllo clinico, in un unico caso il difficile controllo di comorbidità associate. Lo switch è stato condizionato anche dal regime di dispensazione e rimborso dei farmaci in base all’età dei pazienti. Al momento del cambio i pazienti avevano presentato nei 12 mesi precedenti una mediana di 3 riacutizzazioni (IQR 2.8-4); sulla base dello score GINA 3 pazienti presentavano asma controllato, 4 asma parzialmente controllato, 1 asma non controllato. Alle rivalutazioni a 4 e 12 mesi si è riscontato un miglioramento clinico e funzionale. In particolare, a distanza di 12 mesi si è registrata una riduzione del numero di riacutizzazioni (mediana 0, e IQR 0-0.3, p value=0.03) e un incremento significativo del FEV1 (p=0.002) e del FEV1/FVC (p=0.015). Il miglior controllo clinico si è associato a una riduzione, sebbene non significativa, della dose quotidiana di fluticasone equivalente (da un valore mediano di 500 mcg a un valore mediano di 425 mcg). Conclusioni: Lo switch di farmaco biologico, motivato nella maggior parte dei casi da insoddisfacente controllo della malattia asmatica, ha portato a un miglioramento clinico e funzionale. I nostri dati supportano pertanto la necessità di uno stretto monitoraggio clinico e funzionale dei bambini trattati con farmaci biologici, in modo da identificare correttamente i casi che possono beneficiare del passaggio ad un diverso anticorpo monoclonale. Ulteriori studi sono necessari per standardizzare le indicazioni e il timing più opportuno per l’eventuale cambio di biologico nei pazienti pediatrici con asma grave.
Lo switch terapeutico di Farmaco Biologico nell'Asma Grave: esperienza di un Centro di Riferimento Pediatrico
AMADI, MARGHERITA
2023/2024
Abstract
Background: nowadays biologics (targeted antibody therapies) represent the cornerstone in the management of severe asthma: mepolizumab, omalizumab, dupilumab, tezepelumab are four biologics approved for use in children. Objectives: We investigated the characteristics of patients with severe asthma treated with biologics who had switched to another biologics during the follow-up at our center. The aim of our study was to determine the reason for the therapeutic switching and to evaluate the changes in clinical and functional control associated with the switch. Materials and methods: This is a retrospective observational study conducted on patients aged 6-17 years with severe asthma treated with biologics and who experienced a switch to another biologic treatment during the follow-up at our centre. Clinical, biochemical, and functional data were analyzed at the following time points: T0, corresponding to the initiation of the second biologic treatment, T1 and T2, 4 months and 12 months after the initiation of the second biologic, respectively. Results: In 8 patients the biologic therapy was switched. In 1 case, the switch was from omalizumab to dupilumab, in 5 cases from mepolizumab to dupilumab, and in 2 cases from mepolizumab to omalizumab. The reason for the switching was poor clinical control in most cases, and in only 1 case, difficult control of associated comorbidities. The switching was affected by the dispensing and reimbursement regimen for the drugs, given the patients' age. At the time of the therapeutic switching, the patients had experienced a median of 3 exacerbations in the previous 12 months (IQR 2.8-4); based on the GINA score, 3 patients had controlled asthma, 4 had partially controlled asthma, and 1 had uncontrolled asthma. At 4- and 12-month reassessments, clinical and functional improvement was observed. In particular, after 12 months, a reduction in the number of exacerbations was recorded (median 0, and IQR 0-0.3, p value = 0.03), and there was a significant increase in FEV1 (p = 0.002) and FEV1/FVC (p = 0.015). Improved clinical control was associated with a reduction, although not significant, in the daily dose of fluticasone equivalent (from a median value of 500 mcg to a median value of 425 mcg). Conclusions: Switching biologics, most often due to unsatisfactory asthma control, resulted in clinical and functional improvement. Our data therefore support the need for close clinical and functional monitoring of children treated with biologics, in order to correctly identify cases that may need a switch in monoclonal antibody therapy. Further studies are needed to standardize the indications for switching biologics in paediatric patients with severe asthma.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/103512