Introduction and objectives: Bladder cancer (BC) is a common malignancy worldwide and remains a major clinical challenge due to its heterogeneous biology and the need for accurate staging to guide treatment. Distinguishing non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) from muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) is crucial, as management ranges from endoscopic resection with intravesical therapy to radical cystectomy and multimodal approaches. Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) has emerged as a valuable tool for local staging and the Vesical Imaging–Reporting and Data System (VI-RADS) was developed to standardize mpMRI interpretation and estimate the likelihood of muscle invasion. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of mpMRI for BC detection and to validate VI-RADS for the identification of MIBC in a bladder cancer–naïve population. A secondary objective was to assess the association between VI-RADS score and key clinicopathological features, including tumor size, grade, and clinical presentation. Materials and methods: This retrospective observational study was conducted on prospectively collected data from 69 consecutive patients undergoing mpMRI for suspected primary BC at a tertiary referral center between May 2024 and December 2025. Inclusion criteria were first clinical/radiological suspicion of BC, mpMRI performed, lesion size ≥6 mm, availability of clinical/radiological/pathological data, and TURB performed at the study institutions. Images were interpreted by dedicated radiologists according to VI-RADS (1–5). Histopathology served as the reference standard. Diagnostic performance metrics (sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, accuracy) were calculated for BC detection and for MIBC identification, defining VI-RADS 4–5 as a positive test and pT2 as the histological endpoint. Correlation between VI-RADS and pathological stage was assessed using Spearman’s rho. Results: Among 69 patients, mpMRI was positive in 58 (84.1%) and negative in 11 (15.9%). BC was confirmed histologically in 62 cases. For BC detection, mpMRI demonstrated sensitivity 91.9%, specificity 85.7%, PPV 98.3%, NPV 54.5%, and overall accuracy 91.3%. Five patients with negative mpMRI had pTa disease, highlighting limited sensitivity for superficial lesions. For MIBC identification, six patients (8.7%) had pT2 disease, all within the VI-RADS 4–5 group. Using VI-RADS 4–5, sensitivity and NPV were 100%, specificity 74.6%, PPV 27.3%, and accuracy 76.8%. VI-RADS correlated significantly with pathological stage (ρ = 0.55; p < 0.001). VI-RADS 4–5 lesions were more frequently high-grade and larger (>3 cm) compared with VI-RADS 1–3. Conclusion: mpMRI showed high diagnostic accuracy for BC detection but limited NPV for excluding superficial disease. VI-RADS provided excellent rule-out performance for muscle invasion and was strongly associated with adverse pathological features, supporting its value for preoperative staging and risk-adapted decision-making.
Introduzione e obiettivi: Il carcinoma della vescica (BC) rappresenta una neoplasia di frequente riscontro a livello mondiale. La distinzione tra carcinoma vescicale non muscolo-invasivo (NMIBC) e muscolo-invasivo (MIBC) è cruciale, poiché ne influenza in maniera rilevante il trattamento. La risonanza magnetica multiparametrica (mpMRI) si è affermata come uno strumento utile per la stadiazione locale e il sistema Vesical Imaging–Reporting and Data System (VI-RADS) è stato sviluppato per standardizzare l’interpretazione della mpMRI e stimare la probabilità di invasione muscolare. Lo scopo di questo studio è stato valutare le prestazioni diagnostiche della mpMRI nella diagnosi del carcinoma vescicale e validare il sistema VI-RADS nell’identificazione del MIBC. Materiali e metodi: È stato condotto uno studio osservazionale retrospettivo su dati raccolti prospetticamente, includendo 69 pazienti consecutivi sottoposti a mpMRI per sospetto carcinoma vescicale primitivo presso un centro di riferimento terziario tra maggio 2024 e dicembre 2025. I criteri di inclusione comprendevano: prima sospetta diagnosi clinica o radiologica di carcinoma vescicale, esecuzione di mpMRI, lesioni di dimensioni ≥6 mm, disponibilità di dati clinici, radiologici e patologici ed esecuzione di una resezione transuretrale della vescica (TURB). Le immagini sono state interpretate da radiologi dedicati secondo il sistema VI-RADS (punteggio 1–5). L’esame istopatologico ha rappresentato il gold standard. Sono stati calcolati sensibilità, specificità, valore predittivo positivo (PPV), valore predittivo negativo (NPV) e accuratezza diagnostica, sia per la diagnosi di carcinoma vescicale sia per l’identificazione del MIBC, considerando VI-RADS 4–5 come test positivo e pT2 come endpoint istologico. La correlazione tra punteggio VI-RADS e stadio patologico è stata valutata mediante il coefficiente di correlazione di Spearman. Risultati: Su 69 pazienti, la mpMRI è risultata positiva in 58 casi (84,1%) e negativa in 11 (15,9%). Il carcinoma vescicale è stato confermato istologicamente in 62 pazienti. Per la diagnosi di carcinoma vescicale, la mpMRI ha mostrato una sensibilità del 91,9%, una specificità dell’85,7%, un PPV del 98,3%, un NPV del 54,5% e un’accuratezza complessiva del 91,3%. Cinque pazienti con mpMRI negativa presentavano malattia pTa, evidenziando i limiti della tecnica nelle lesioni superficiali. Per l’identificazione del MIBC, sei pazienti (8,7%) avevano malattia pT2, tutti appartenenti al gruppo VI-RADS 4–5. Utilizzando VI-RADS 4–5 come cut-off, la sensibilità e l’NPV sono risultati pari al 100%, mentre la specificità è stata del 74,6%, il PPV del 27,3% e l’accuratezza del 76,8%. È stata osservata una correlazione significativa tra punteggio VI-RADS e stadio patologico (ρ = 0,55; p < 0,001). Le lesioni VI-RADS 4–5 erano più frequentemente di alto grado e di dimensioni maggiori (>3 cm) rispetto a quelle VI-RADS 1–3. Conclusioni: La mpMRI ha dimostrato un’elevata accuratezza diagnostica nella diagnosi del carcinoma vescicale, pur presentando un NPV limitato nell’esclusione delle lesioni superficiali. Il sistema VI-RADS ha mostrato un’eccellente capacità di escludere l’invasione muscolare.
Validation of the Vesical Imaging Reporting and Data System (VI-RADS) Score in a Bladder Cancer-Naïve Population: Experience from a Single Tertiary Referral Center
BOTTI, SIMONE
2023/2024
Abstract
Introduction and objectives: Bladder cancer (BC) is a common malignancy worldwide and remains a major clinical challenge due to its heterogeneous biology and the need for accurate staging to guide treatment. Distinguishing non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) from muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) is crucial, as management ranges from endoscopic resection with intravesical therapy to radical cystectomy and multimodal approaches. Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) has emerged as a valuable tool for local staging and the Vesical Imaging–Reporting and Data System (VI-RADS) was developed to standardize mpMRI interpretation and estimate the likelihood of muscle invasion. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of mpMRI for BC detection and to validate VI-RADS for the identification of MIBC in a bladder cancer–naïve population. A secondary objective was to assess the association between VI-RADS score and key clinicopathological features, including tumor size, grade, and clinical presentation. Materials and methods: This retrospective observational study was conducted on prospectively collected data from 69 consecutive patients undergoing mpMRI for suspected primary BC at a tertiary referral center between May 2024 and December 2025. Inclusion criteria were first clinical/radiological suspicion of BC, mpMRI performed, lesion size ≥6 mm, availability of clinical/radiological/pathological data, and TURB performed at the study institutions. Images were interpreted by dedicated radiologists according to VI-RADS (1–5). Histopathology served as the reference standard. Diagnostic performance metrics (sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, accuracy) were calculated for BC detection and for MIBC identification, defining VI-RADS 4–5 as a positive test and pT2 as the histological endpoint. Correlation between VI-RADS and pathological stage was assessed using Spearman’s rho. Results: Among 69 patients, mpMRI was positive in 58 (84.1%) and negative in 11 (15.9%). BC was confirmed histologically in 62 cases. For BC detection, mpMRI demonstrated sensitivity 91.9%, specificity 85.7%, PPV 98.3%, NPV 54.5%, and overall accuracy 91.3%. Five patients with negative mpMRI had pTa disease, highlighting limited sensitivity for superficial lesions. For MIBC identification, six patients (8.7%) had pT2 disease, all within the VI-RADS 4–5 group. Using VI-RADS 4–5, sensitivity and NPV were 100%, specificity 74.6%, PPV 27.3%, and accuracy 76.8%. VI-RADS correlated significantly with pathological stage (ρ = 0.55; p < 0.001). VI-RADS 4–5 lesions were more frequently high-grade and larger (>3 cm) compared with VI-RADS 1–3. Conclusion: mpMRI showed high diagnostic accuracy for BC detection but limited NPV for excluding superficial disease. VI-RADS provided excellent rule-out performance for muscle invasion and was strongly associated with adverse pathological features, supporting its value for preoperative staging and risk-adapted decision-making.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/103669