Background: In pediatric and young adult patients with congenital aortic valve disease surgical aortic valve repair can be an option. There is great heterogeneity of congenital AoV disease, and achieving an optimal repair commonly requires complex reconstruction. Methods: We conducted a single-center retrospective observational study including 38 pediatric and young adult patients who underwent surgical aortic valve repair between May 2015 and October 2025. Mean age at surgery was 18.4 ± 11.5 years (range 0–56), mean body weight was 62.8 ± 18.1 kg (range 9.9–92), and 26 patients (68.4%) were male. Aortic valve morphology was predominantly bicuspid. Nine patients (23.7%) had undergone prior cardiac surgery and twelve (31.6%) prior balloon aortic valvuloplasty. Based on patch use, repairs were categorized as simple repair (no patch) or complex repair (leaflet augmentation with patch). Leaflet augmentation was performed in 19 patients, including 15 cases using the book patch technique with neocommissural reconstruction. Study endpoints were overall mortality, aortic valve reoperation, and recurrence of more-than-mild aortic valve dysfunction, defined as AR ≥ 2 and/or AS ≥ 2 during follow-up. Results: There was one death (2.6%). During a mean follow-up of 46.7 ± 33.3 months, aortic valve reoperation occurred in 4 patients (10.5%) with a mean time to reintervention of 53.67 ± 39.5 months (range 19.28 -96.75). At hospital discharge, 19 patients (50%) had mild aortic regurgitation and 7 patients (18%) had mild aortic stenosis. At follow-up, recurrence of aortic regurgitation > mild (AR ≥ 2) was observed in 7 patients (18.4%), while aortic stenosis > mild (AS ≥ 2) occurred in 5 patients (13%). When stratified by repair complexity, patients undergoing leaflet augmentation showed comparable baseline characteristics compared with those treated without patch, except for longer cardiopulmonary bypass and cross-clamp times. Reintervention rates were similar between groups (10.5% in both). Time to reoperation was 20.14 months [IQR 19.71–20.57] in patients treated with leaflet augmentation and 87.2 months [IQR 82.43–91.98] in those treated without patch use. No significant differences were observed at discharge or during follow-up in the recurrence of aortic regurgitation (AR) (p = 0.516 at discharge; p = 1.0 at follow-up) or aortic stenosis (AS) (p = 0.405 at discharge; p = 0.34 at follow-up). Although recurrent more-than-mild valve dysfunction (AR ≥ 2 and/or AS ≥ 2) occurred more frequently in the leaflet augmentation group (42.1% vs 21.1%), this difference did not reach statistical significance. Freedom from aortic valve reoperation was 87.5% (95% CI 58.6–96.7) at both 24 and 60 months in the leaflet augmentation group (log-rank p=0.837), and 100% in the no–leaflet augmentation group. Freedom from more-than-mild valve dysfunction was 87.5% (95% CI 58.6–96.7) at 24 months and decreased to 71.6% (95% CI 40.3–88.4) at 60 months in the leaflet augmentation group, whereas it remained 100% in patients without leaflet augmentation (log-rank p=0.689). Conclusions: Aortic valve repair in pediatric and young adult patients represents a surgical strategy aimed at preserving the native valve and deferring more extensive valve replacement procedures, and may be considered a palliative approach to allow somatic growth and annular development. Repair provides acceptable mid-term durability with low mortality. Outcomes appear primarily influenced by baseline valve morphology and anatomical and functional complexity rather than by the repair technique. Prospective studies and dedicated multicenter registries are warranted to better define the durability of aortic valve repair in the pediatric population stratified by anatomical and functional complexity.
Metodi: Abbiamo condotto uno studio osservazionale retrospettivo monocentrico che ha incluso 38 pazienti pediatrici e giovani adulti sottoposti a riparazione chirurgica della valvola aortica tra maggio 2015 e ottobre 2025. L’età media al momento dell’intervento era di 18,4 ± 11,5 anni (range 0–56), il peso corporeo medio era di 62,8 ± 18,1 kg (range 9,9–92) e 26 pazienti (68,4%) erano di sesso maschile. La morfologia della valvola aortica era prevalentemente bicuspide (71,1%). Nove pazienti (23,7%) erano stati sottoposti a precedente intervento cardiochirurgico e dodici (31,6%) a precedente valvuloplastica aortica con pallone. In base all’utilizzo del patch, le riparazioni sono state classificate come riparazioni semplici (senza patch) o riparazioni complesse (estensione dei lembi con patch). L’estensione dei lembi è stata eseguita in 19 pazienti, inclusi 15 casi trattati con la tecnica del book patch con ricostruzione commissurale. Gli endpoint dello studio erano la mortalità globale, il reintervento sulla valvola aortica e la recidiva di disfunzione valvolare aortica superiore al grado lieve, definita come insufficienza aortica (IA) ≥ 2 e/o stenosi aortica (SA) ≥ 2 durante il follow-up. Risultati: Si è verificato un decesso (2,6%). Durante un follow-up medio di 46,7 ± 33,3 mesi, il reintervento sulla valvola aortica si è verificato in 4 pazienti (10,5%), con un tempo medio al reintervento di 53,67 ± 39,5 mesi (range 19,28–96,75). Alla dimissione ospedaliera, 19 pazienti (50%) presentavano insufficienza aortica lieve e 7 pazienti (18%) stenosi aortica lieve. Al follow-up, la recidiva di insufficienza aortica > lieve (IA ≥ 2) è stata osservata in 7 pazienti (18,4%), mentre la stenosi aortica > lieve (SA ≥ 2) si è verificata in 5 pazienti (13%).Quando stratificati in base alla complessità della riparazione, i pazienti sottoposti ad estensione dei lembi mostravano caratteristiche basali comparabili rispetto a quelli trattati senza patch, ad eccezione di tempi di circolazione extracorporea e di clampaggio aortico più lunghi. I tassi di reintervento erano simili tra i gruppi (10,5% in entrambi). Il tempo al reintervento era di 20,14 mesi [IQR 19,71–20,57] nei pazienti trattati con estensione dei lembi e di 87,2 mesi [IQR 82,43–91,98] in quelli trattati senza patch. Non sono state osservate differenze significative alla dimissione o durante il follow-up nella recidiva di IA (p = 0,516 alla dimissione; p = 1,0 al follow-up) o di SA (p = 0,405 alla dimissione; p = 0,34 al follow-up). Sebbene la recidiva di disfunzione valvolare superiore al grado lieve (IA ≥ 2 e/o SA ≥ 2) si sia verificata più frequentemente nel gruppo con estensione dei lembi (42,1% vs 21,1%), tale differenza non ha raggiunto la significatività statistica. La libertà da reintervento sulla valvola aortica era dell’87,5% (IC 95% 58,6–96,7) sia a 24 che a 60 mesi nel gruppo con estensione dei lembi (log-rank p = 0,837) ed era del 100% nel gruppo senza patch. La libertà da disfunzione valvolare superiore al grado lieve era dell’87,5% (IC 95% 58,6–96,7) a 24 mesi e si riduceva al 71,6% (IC 95% 40,3–88,4) a 60 mesi nel gruppo con estensione dei lembi, mentre rimaneva del 100% nei pazienti senza patch (log-rank p = 0,689). Conclusioni:La riparazione della valvola aortica nei pazienti pediatrici e nei giovani adulti rappresenta una strategia chirurgica finalizzata alla preservazione della valvola nativa e al differimento di procedure di sostituzione valvolare più estese e può essere considerata un approccio palliativo per consentire la crescita somatica e lo sviluppo dell’anello valvolare. La riparazione fornisce una durabilità accettabile nel medio termine con bassa mortalità. Gli esiti sembrano essere influenzati principalmente dalla morfologia valvolare di base e dalla complessità anatomica e funzionale piuttosto che dalla tecnica di riparazione.
Valvulopatia aortica congenita: il ruolo della valvuloplastica chirurgica
ADDONIZIO, MARIANGELA
2023/2024
Abstract
Background: In pediatric and young adult patients with congenital aortic valve disease surgical aortic valve repair can be an option. There is great heterogeneity of congenital AoV disease, and achieving an optimal repair commonly requires complex reconstruction. Methods: We conducted a single-center retrospective observational study including 38 pediatric and young adult patients who underwent surgical aortic valve repair between May 2015 and October 2025. Mean age at surgery was 18.4 ± 11.5 years (range 0–56), mean body weight was 62.8 ± 18.1 kg (range 9.9–92), and 26 patients (68.4%) were male. Aortic valve morphology was predominantly bicuspid. Nine patients (23.7%) had undergone prior cardiac surgery and twelve (31.6%) prior balloon aortic valvuloplasty. Based on patch use, repairs were categorized as simple repair (no patch) or complex repair (leaflet augmentation with patch). Leaflet augmentation was performed in 19 patients, including 15 cases using the book patch technique with neocommissural reconstruction. Study endpoints were overall mortality, aortic valve reoperation, and recurrence of more-than-mild aortic valve dysfunction, defined as AR ≥ 2 and/or AS ≥ 2 during follow-up. Results: There was one death (2.6%). During a mean follow-up of 46.7 ± 33.3 months, aortic valve reoperation occurred in 4 patients (10.5%) with a mean time to reintervention of 53.67 ± 39.5 months (range 19.28 -96.75). At hospital discharge, 19 patients (50%) had mild aortic regurgitation and 7 patients (18%) had mild aortic stenosis. At follow-up, recurrence of aortic regurgitation > mild (AR ≥ 2) was observed in 7 patients (18.4%), while aortic stenosis > mild (AS ≥ 2) occurred in 5 patients (13%). When stratified by repair complexity, patients undergoing leaflet augmentation showed comparable baseline characteristics compared with those treated without patch, except for longer cardiopulmonary bypass and cross-clamp times. Reintervention rates were similar between groups (10.5% in both). Time to reoperation was 20.14 months [IQR 19.71–20.57] in patients treated with leaflet augmentation and 87.2 months [IQR 82.43–91.98] in those treated without patch use. No significant differences were observed at discharge or during follow-up in the recurrence of aortic regurgitation (AR) (p = 0.516 at discharge; p = 1.0 at follow-up) or aortic stenosis (AS) (p = 0.405 at discharge; p = 0.34 at follow-up). Although recurrent more-than-mild valve dysfunction (AR ≥ 2 and/or AS ≥ 2) occurred more frequently in the leaflet augmentation group (42.1% vs 21.1%), this difference did not reach statistical significance. Freedom from aortic valve reoperation was 87.5% (95% CI 58.6–96.7) at both 24 and 60 months in the leaflet augmentation group (log-rank p=0.837), and 100% in the no–leaflet augmentation group. Freedom from more-than-mild valve dysfunction was 87.5% (95% CI 58.6–96.7) at 24 months and decreased to 71.6% (95% CI 40.3–88.4) at 60 months in the leaflet augmentation group, whereas it remained 100% in patients without leaflet augmentation (log-rank p=0.689). Conclusions: Aortic valve repair in pediatric and young adult patients represents a surgical strategy aimed at preserving the native valve and deferring more extensive valve replacement procedures, and may be considered a palliative approach to allow somatic growth and annular development. Repair provides acceptable mid-term durability with low mortality. Outcomes appear primarily influenced by baseline valve morphology and anatomical and functional complexity rather than by the repair technique. Prospective studies and dedicated multicenter registries are warranted to better define the durability of aortic valve repair in the pediatric population stratified by anatomical and functional complexity.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/103709