Introduction: Chest pain accounts for approximately 10% of all visits to Emergency Departments (ED). The primary challenge for emergency physicians is the rapid identification of life-threatening conditions, such as Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS), distinguishing them from numerous benign and non-cardiac etiologies. In this context, integrating clinical parameters, electrocardiograms, and biomarkers, such as high-sensitivity troponin (hs-cTn), through validated risk scores like the HEART score is essential for effective prognostic stratification, although literature increasingly questions the added utility of such scores. Study Objectives: The study aims to evaluate the prognostic accuracy of the HEART score for Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events (MACE) at 30 days in a tertiary care center. It also assesses the performance of isolated hs-cTn and provides a comparison with other validated risk scores, such as the EDACS and GRACE scores. Materials and Methods: A single-center retrospective observational study was conducted at the ED of the University-Hospital of Padua between March and September 2025. Adult patients with non-traumatic chest pain classified with an orange priority code at triage were included. Patients with an immediate diagnosis of STEMI, evident extra-cardiac causes, or incomplete data were excluded. Clinical, laboratory (hs-cTn), and instrumental (ECG) data were analyzed to retrospectively calculate the risk scores. Results: A sample of 3036 patients was analyzed, predominantly male (52.6%) with a median age of 59 years (IQR: 47-74) and a prevalence of non-cardiac and benign causes of chest pain (82.3%). MACE occurred in 9% of a population of 2860 patients. Multivariate analysis revealed a higher Odds Ratio (OR) for intermediate and high risk HEART scores compared to a low risk score (OR 99.4, 95% CI:39.92-247.95 for high risk; OR 18.5, 95% CI:9.2-36.3 for intermediate risk; p < 0.001). This performance was superior compared with isolated troponin (OR 1.002, 95% CI:1.001-1.003; p = 0.001), the EDACS score (OR 1.08, 95% CI:1.03-1.13; p = 0.001), and the GRACE score (OR 1.02, 95% CI:1.007-1.04; p = 0.004). The comparison of ROC curves highlighted that the HEART score possesses the best discriminative capacity for 30-day MACE compared with the other analyzed variables. Conclusions: The study highlights the superiority of the HEART score in managing chest pain in the emergency setting, emphasizing the importance of a holistic evaluation (history, ECG, risk factors) beyond biochemical data alone. The results suggest that the systematic integration of HEART score into clinical protocols can improve risk stratification for ED patients with chest pain and enhance the prediction of future adverse events, while remaining below the 1% threshold for low-risk patients. Future developments could include the systematic integration of rapid algorithms (0/1h or 0/2h).
Introduzione: Il dolore toracico rappresenta circa il 10% degli accessi totali nei Dipartimenti di Emergenza e Accettazione (DEA). La sfida principale per il medico d’emergenza-urgenza è la rapida identificazione di condizioni life-threatening, come per esempio la Sindrome Coronarica Acuta (SCA), distinguendola tra numerose eziologie benigne e non cardiache. In questo contesto, l'integrazione di parametri clinici, elettrocardiografici e biomarcatori, come la troponina ad alta sensibilità (hs- cTn), attraverso score di rischio validati come l’HEART score, è fondamentale per una stratificazione prognostica efficace, anche se la letteratura mette sempre più in dubbio l’utilità aggiuntiva di tali score. Obiettivi dello studio: Lo studio si propone di valutare l'accuratezza prognostica dello score HEART per gli eventi cardiovascolari maggiori (MACE) a 30 giorni in un centro di terzo livello, e della performance della hs-cTn isolata, confrontandoli con altri score di rischio validati quali EDACS e GRACE score. Materiali e Metodi: È stato condotto uno studio osservazionale retrospettivo monocentrico presso il Pronto Soccorso dell’Azienda Ospedale-Università di Padova tra marzo e settembre 2025. Sono stati inclusi pazienti maggiorenni con dolore toracico non traumatico classificati al triage con codice di priorità arancione. Sono stati esclusi pazienti con diagnosi immediata di STEMI, evidente causa extra-cardiaca o dati incompleti. I dati clinici, laboratoristici (hs-cTn) e strumentali (ECG) sono stati analizzati per calcolare retrospettivamente gli score di rischio. Risultati: È stato analizzato un campione di 3036 pazienti, prevalentemente uomini (52,6%) con un’età mediana di 59 anni (IQR: 47-74), e una prevalenza di cause non cardiache e benigne di dolore toracico (82,3%). I MACE sono occorsi nel 9% di una popolazione pari a 2860 pazienti, al netto delle perdite al follow-up. L’analisi multivariata ha evidenziato un OR maggiore per HEART score di rischio intermedio e altro rispetto ad uno score di rischio basso (OR 99,4 IC 95%:39,92-247,95 per alto rischio; OR 18,5 IC 95%:9,2-36,3 per rischio intermedio; p <0,001) rispetto alla sola troponina (OR 1,002 IC 95%:1,001-1,003; p 0,001), al EDACS score (OR 1,08 IC 95%:1,03-1,13; p 0,001) e al GRACE score (OR 1,02 IC 95%:1,007-1,04; p 0,004). Il confronto tra curve ROC ha messo in luce come l’HEART score presenti la migliore capacità discriminativa per MACE a 30 giorni rispetto alle altre variabili analizzate. Conclusioni: Lo studio evidenzia la superiorità dell’HEART score nella stratificazione prognostica del dolore toracico in emergenza, sottolineando l'importanza di una valutazione olistica (anamnesi, ECG, fattori di rischio) oltre il dato biochimico. I risultati suggeriscono che l'integrazione sistematica dell’HEART score nei protocolli clinici può migliorare la stratificazione del rischio dei pazienti che accedono in PS per dolore toracico e quindi la previsione di eventi avversi futuri, mantenendosi al di sotto della soglia dell’1% per il basso rischio. Futuri sviluppi potrebbero includere l'integrazione sistematica di algoritmi rapidi (0/1h o 0/2h).
PERFORMANCE DELL'HEART SCORE IN UN DEA DI TERZO LIVELLO NELL'ERA DELLA TROPONINA AD ALTA SENSIBILITA
MARCHESINI, MARIKA
2023/2024
Abstract
Introduction: Chest pain accounts for approximately 10% of all visits to Emergency Departments (ED). The primary challenge for emergency physicians is the rapid identification of life-threatening conditions, such as Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS), distinguishing them from numerous benign and non-cardiac etiologies. In this context, integrating clinical parameters, electrocardiograms, and biomarkers, such as high-sensitivity troponin (hs-cTn), through validated risk scores like the HEART score is essential for effective prognostic stratification, although literature increasingly questions the added utility of such scores. Study Objectives: The study aims to evaluate the prognostic accuracy of the HEART score for Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events (MACE) at 30 days in a tertiary care center. It also assesses the performance of isolated hs-cTn and provides a comparison with other validated risk scores, such as the EDACS and GRACE scores. Materials and Methods: A single-center retrospective observational study was conducted at the ED of the University-Hospital of Padua between March and September 2025. Adult patients with non-traumatic chest pain classified with an orange priority code at triage were included. Patients with an immediate diagnosis of STEMI, evident extra-cardiac causes, or incomplete data were excluded. Clinical, laboratory (hs-cTn), and instrumental (ECG) data were analyzed to retrospectively calculate the risk scores. Results: A sample of 3036 patients was analyzed, predominantly male (52.6%) with a median age of 59 years (IQR: 47-74) and a prevalence of non-cardiac and benign causes of chest pain (82.3%). MACE occurred in 9% of a population of 2860 patients. Multivariate analysis revealed a higher Odds Ratio (OR) for intermediate and high risk HEART scores compared to a low risk score (OR 99.4, 95% CI:39.92-247.95 for high risk; OR 18.5, 95% CI:9.2-36.3 for intermediate risk; p < 0.001). This performance was superior compared with isolated troponin (OR 1.002, 95% CI:1.001-1.003; p = 0.001), the EDACS score (OR 1.08, 95% CI:1.03-1.13; p = 0.001), and the GRACE score (OR 1.02, 95% CI:1.007-1.04; p = 0.004). The comparison of ROC curves highlighted that the HEART score possesses the best discriminative capacity for 30-day MACE compared with the other analyzed variables. Conclusions: The study highlights the superiority of the HEART score in managing chest pain in the emergency setting, emphasizing the importance of a holistic evaluation (history, ECG, risk factors) beyond biochemical data alone. The results suggest that the systematic integration of HEART score into clinical protocols can improve risk stratification for ED patients with chest pain and enhance the prediction of future adverse events, while remaining below the 1% threshold for low-risk patients. Future developments could include the systematic integration of rapid algorithms (0/1h or 0/2h).| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/103769