Background and objectives: Trauma-Induced Coagulopathy (TIC) is an early and dynamic phenomenon associated with increased mortality, greater transfusion requirements and worse clinical outcomes. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of TIC at Emergency Department (ED) admission in a cohort of major trauma patients, to describe hemostatic phenotypes and to identify early clinical and metabolic predictors. The study also aimed to assess the association between TIC, transfusion requirements, and 28-day clinical outcomes (mortality and complications). Methods: this was a single-centre prospective observational study conducted on 192 polytrauma patients (median ISS 22). TIC was defined using conventional coagulation tests (CCT: INR > 1,5, aPTT ratio > 1,2, fibrinogen <1,5 g/L, or platelet count < 100,000/mm³) at admission and at 48 hours. Functional assessment of coagulation using viscoelastic tests (ROTEM) was performed in a subgroup of 66 patients (34,4%). Results: the prevalence of TIC at admission was 20,6%, increasing to 32,29% within the first 48 hours. Shock Index emerged as the only independent predictor of TIC at ED arrival (OR 8,57; 95% CI 1,28–57,31), being more informative than anatomical injury severity (ISS). Among initially normocoagulant patients, lower ionized calcium levels at admission were independently associated with the development of secondary coagulopathy (OR 0,61 for each 0,05 mmol/L increase in calcium). In the ROTEM subgroup, fibrinolysis shutdown was the most frequent phenotype (20%). Pre-hospital administration of tranexamic acid (TXA) was associated with a significant reduction in hyperfibrinolysis (2,8% vs 20%, p = 0,041), without an increase in fibrinolysis shutdown. TIC at admission was associated with an increased risk of mortality (OR 39,6; 95% CI 8,38–187), whereas persistent coagulopathy at 48 hours identified a subgroup of patients with particularly unfavourable prognosis (OR 21,9; 95% CI 5,13–93,8) and significantly longer hospital stays. Conclusions: the study confirms that TIC is a dynamic phenomenon primarily driven by shock and tissue hypoperfusion rather than by anatomical injury burden alone. Early identification of metabolic derangements appears crucial to anticipate hemostatic failure. The use of ROTEM allows rapid phenotypic characterization, potentially useful to guide personalized hemostatic resuscitation and improve outcomes in severe trauma.
Introduzione e obiettivi: La Coagulopatia Indotta dal Trauma (TIC) è un fenomeno precoce e dinamico associato ad aumentata mortalità, maggior fabbisogno trasfusionale e outcome peggiori. Lo studio si pone l'obiettivo di stimare la prevalenza della TIC all'arrivo in Pronto Soccorso (PS) in una coorte di pazienti con trauma maggiore, descriverne i fenotipi emostatici e identificare predittori clinici e metabolici precoci. Mira inoltre a correlare la TIC con il fabbisogno trasfusionale e gli outcome clinici a 28 giorni (mortalità e complicanze). Metodi: studio prospettico osservazionale monocentrico condotto su 192 pazienti politraumatizzati (ISS mediano 22). La TIC è stata definita tramite i Test di Coagulazione Convenzionali (CCT: INR > 1,5, aPTT Ratio > 1,2, fibrinogeno < 1,5 g/L o piastrine < 100.000/mm³) all'ammissione e a 48 ore. La valutazione funzionale della coagulazione mediante test viscoelastici (ROTEM) è stata eseguita in un sottogruppo di 66 pazienti (34,4%). Risultati: La prevalenza della TIC all'ammissione è risultata del 20,6%, aumentando al 32,29% entro le prime 48 ore. Lo Shock Index è emerso come unico predittore indipendente di TIC all'ingresso (OR 8,57; IC 95% 1,28–57,31), risultando più informativo rispetto alla gravità anatomica (ISS). Nei pazienti inizialmente normocoagulanti, livelli più bassi di calcio ionizzato all’ingresso si associavano in modo indipendente allo sviluppo di coagulopatia secondaria (OR 0,61 per ogni incremento di 0,05 mmol/L). Nel sottogruppo valutato con ROTEM, lo shutdown della fibrinolisi è risultato il fenotipo più frequente (20%). La somministrazione pre-ospedaliera di acido tranexamico (TXA) è stata associata a una significativa riduzione dell'iperfibrinolisi (2,8% vs 20%, p = 0,041) senza aumento dello shutdown. La TIC all'ammissione si è associata a un aumentato rischio di mortalità (OR 39,6; IC 95% 8,38-187), mentre la coagulopatia persistente a 48 ore ha identificato un sottogruppo di pazienti con prognosi particolarmente sfavorevole (OR 21,9; IC 95% 5,13 - 93,8) e con degenze significativamente più lunghe. Conclusioni: lo studio conferma che la TIC è un fenomeno dinamico guidato primariamente dallo shock e dall'ipoperfusione tissutale piuttosto che dal solo carico lesionale anatomico. L'identificazione precoce di alterazioni metaboliche appare cruciale per anticipare il fallimento emostatico. L'impiego del ROTEM consente una caratterizzazione fenotipica rapida, potenzialmente utile per guidare una rianimazione emostatica personalizzata e migliorare gli esiti nel trauma grave.
Coagulopatia Indotta dal Trauma: prevalenza e caratteristiche di popolazione nel Pronto Soccorso dell'Azienda Ospedale-Università di Padova
RIGAMONTI, ANGELA MARIA
2023/2024
Abstract
Background and objectives: Trauma-Induced Coagulopathy (TIC) is an early and dynamic phenomenon associated with increased mortality, greater transfusion requirements and worse clinical outcomes. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of TIC at Emergency Department (ED) admission in a cohort of major trauma patients, to describe hemostatic phenotypes and to identify early clinical and metabolic predictors. The study also aimed to assess the association between TIC, transfusion requirements, and 28-day clinical outcomes (mortality and complications). Methods: this was a single-centre prospective observational study conducted on 192 polytrauma patients (median ISS 22). TIC was defined using conventional coagulation tests (CCT: INR > 1,5, aPTT ratio > 1,2, fibrinogen <1,5 g/L, or platelet count < 100,000/mm³) at admission and at 48 hours. Functional assessment of coagulation using viscoelastic tests (ROTEM) was performed in a subgroup of 66 patients (34,4%). Results: the prevalence of TIC at admission was 20,6%, increasing to 32,29% within the first 48 hours. Shock Index emerged as the only independent predictor of TIC at ED arrival (OR 8,57; 95% CI 1,28–57,31), being more informative than anatomical injury severity (ISS). Among initially normocoagulant patients, lower ionized calcium levels at admission were independently associated with the development of secondary coagulopathy (OR 0,61 for each 0,05 mmol/L increase in calcium). In the ROTEM subgroup, fibrinolysis shutdown was the most frequent phenotype (20%). Pre-hospital administration of tranexamic acid (TXA) was associated with a significant reduction in hyperfibrinolysis (2,8% vs 20%, p = 0,041), without an increase in fibrinolysis shutdown. TIC at admission was associated with an increased risk of mortality (OR 39,6; 95% CI 8,38–187), whereas persistent coagulopathy at 48 hours identified a subgroup of patients with particularly unfavourable prognosis (OR 21,9; 95% CI 5,13–93,8) and significantly longer hospital stays. Conclusions: the study confirms that TIC is a dynamic phenomenon primarily driven by shock and tissue hypoperfusion rather than by anatomical injury burden alone. Early identification of metabolic derangements appears crucial to anticipate hemostatic failure. The use of ROTEM allows rapid phenotypic characterization, potentially useful to guide personalized hemostatic resuscitation and improve outcomes in severe trauma.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/103777