Introduction: In polytrauma patients, early identification of haemodynamic impairment is crucial for appropriate risk stratification and for the timely initiation of suitable diagnostic and therapeutic pathways. Metabolic markers obtained from arterial blood gas analysis, such as lactate and Base Excess (BE), are widely used in the initial assessment; however, BE reflects a heterogeneous combination of metabolic disturbances. For these reasons, there is growing interest in Alactic Base Excess (ABE), in which the non-lactate component of metabolic acidosis is reduced. Aim: To assess whether ABE may represent, in a cohort of polytrauma patients, a complementary metabolic marker of haemodynamic impairment, and to investigate its potential usefulness for more accurate identification of patients at higher risk of haemodynamic deterioration. Materials and Methods: A single-centre retrospective study was conducted on 268 adult polytrauma patients presenting to the AOPD Emergency Department between January 2023 and August 2025. Clinical, haemodynamic and metabolic data at arrival in the Emergency Department were retrospectively collected through electronic medical records, including Shock Index (calculated), lactate, BE and ABE, calculated as the sum of BE and lactate. The association between ABE and Shock Index was assessed using Spearman’s correlation and univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses. Results: ABE showed a moderate, statistically significant negative correlation with Shock Index (ρ = −0.38; p < 0.001). On linear regression analysis, ABE was significantly associated with Shock Index in both univariate and multivariate analyses (β = −0.018; p < 0.001), maintaining an independent association after adjustment for lactate, Injury Severity Score (ISS) and age. Significant associations were also observed with positive EFAST findings, particularly in the presence of pneumothorax, with positive whole-body CT findings, with the need for transfusion support, and with the requirement for higher intensity of care. Conclusions: In the initial Emergency Department assessment of polytrauma patients, ABE was significantly associated with haemodynamic status in our study. Although it does not represent a prognostic factor nor a substitute for lactate, ABE may be considered a complementary metabolic marker.
Introduzione: nel paziente politraumatizzato, l’identificazione precoce della compromissione emodinamica è fondamentale per una corretta stratificazione del rischio e per l’avvio tempestivo dei percorsi diagnostico-terapeutici appropriati. Marker metabolici ottenuti con l’emogasanalisi, come lattato e Base Excess (BE), sono ampiamente utilizzati nella valutazione iniziale; tuttavia, il BE riflette una combinazione eterogenea di alterazioni metaboliche. Per questi motivi vi è un crescente interesse per l’Alactic Base Excess (ABE), nel quale la componente non lattica dell’acidosi metabolica è ridotta. Scopo: valutare se l’ABE, possa rappresentare, in una coorte di pazienti politraumatizzati, un marker metabolico complementare della compromissione emodinamica, studiandone la potenziale utilità per una più accurata identificazione dei pazienti a maggiore rischio di deterioramento emodinamico. Materiali e Metodi: è stato condotto uno studio monocentrico retrospettivo su 268 pazienti politraumatizzati adulti afferenti al PS AOPD da Gennaio 2023 ad Agosto 2025. Sono stati raccolti a posteriori, tramite sistemi informatici, i dati clinici, emodinamici e metabolici all’arrivo dei pazienti in PS, inclusi Shock Index (calcolato), lattato, BE e ABE, calcolato come somma tra BE e lattato. L’associazione tra ABE e SI è stata valutata mediante correlazione di Spearman e analisi di regressione lineare univariata e multivariata. Risultati: l’ABE ha mostrato una correlazione negativa moderata e statisticamente significativa con lo SI (ρ = −0,38; p < 0,001). All’analisi di regressione lineare, l’ABE risultava significativamente associato allo SI sia in analisi univariata sia multivariata (β = −0,018; p < 0,001), mantenendo un’associazione indipendente anche dopo aggiustamento per lattato, ISS ed età. È risultata significativa l’associazione con EFAST positiva, soprattutto in presenza di pneumotorace, e con TC total body positiva, con la necessità di supporto trasfusionale e con la necessità di maggiore intensità di cure. Conclusioni: nella valutazione iniziale in PS del paziente politraumatizzato, nel nostro studio, l’ABE, si associa in modo significativo con lo status emodinamico, pur non configurandosi come fattore prognostico né come sostituto del lattato, ma come marker metabolico complementare.
Alactic Base Excess come indicatore precoce di deterioramento emodinamico ed eventi acuti nel paziente politraumatizzato in Pronto Soccorso
SANTORO, AMANDA
2023/2024
Abstract
Introduction: In polytrauma patients, early identification of haemodynamic impairment is crucial for appropriate risk stratification and for the timely initiation of suitable diagnostic and therapeutic pathways. Metabolic markers obtained from arterial blood gas analysis, such as lactate and Base Excess (BE), are widely used in the initial assessment; however, BE reflects a heterogeneous combination of metabolic disturbances. For these reasons, there is growing interest in Alactic Base Excess (ABE), in which the non-lactate component of metabolic acidosis is reduced. Aim: To assess whether ABE may represent, in a cohort of polytrauma patients, a complementary metabolic marker of haemodynamic impairment, and to investigate its potential usefulness for more accurate identification of patients at higher risk of haemodynamic deterioration. Materials and Methods: A single-centre retrospective study was conducted on 268 adult polytrauma patients presenting to the AOPD Emergency Department between January 2023 and August 2025. Clinical, haemodynamic and metabolic data at arrival in the Emergency Department were retrospectively collected through electronic medical records, including Shock Index (calculated), lactate, BE and ABE, calculated as the sum of BE and lactate. The association between ABE and Shock Index was assessed using Spearman’s correlation and univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses. Results: ABE showed a moderate, statistically significant negative correlation with Shock Index (ρ = −0.38; p < 0.001). On linear regression analysis, ABE was significantly associated with Shock Index in both univariate and multivariate analyses (β = −0.018; p < 0.001), maintaining an independent association after adjustment for lactate, Injury Severity Score (ISS) and age. Significant associations were also observed with positive EFAST findings, particularly in the presence of pneumothorax, with positive whole-body CT findings, with the need for transfusion support, and with the requirement for higher intensity of care. Conclusions: In the initial Emergency Department assessment of polytrauma patients, ABE was significantly associated with haemodynamic status in our study. Although it does not represent a prognostic factor nor a substitute for lactate, ABE may be considered a complementary metabolic marker.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/103780