Introduction. Migration may be associated with health inequalities related to social determinants and barriers to access to healthcare services. The Emergency Department (ED) represents a privileged setting to observe these dynamics, as it guarantees access to urgent care even in the absence of a structured community-based care pathway. Study aim. To compare ED care pathways between patients born in Italy and those born abroad (migrant population defined by country of birth) for three chief complaints: headache, chest pain, and low back pain, assessing the use of diagnostic resources and clinical-organizational outcomes. Within the migrant population, to explore the association between language barriers and selected outcomes. Materials and Methods. A single-centre retrospective observational study was conducted using ED records at the Azienda Ospedale–Università di Padova. Consecutive patients aged ≥18 years were included: headache and low back pain with white/green triage codes during 01/02/2024–30/04/2024, and chest pain with all triage codes during 01/02/2024–15/03/2024. Diagnostic tests performed, specialist consultations, transfer to the Observation Unit, and ED return visit within 30 days were analysed. Multivariable logistic regression models were built and adjusted for potential confounders. Results. A total of 1,877 patients were included (319 headache, 899 chest pain, 659 low back pain); patients born abroad accounted for 30.6%, were on average younger (44–45 years vs 53–60 years, p<0.001), and had a lower prevalence of chronic comorbidities. The distribution of triage codes differed between groups, particularly in the chest pain subgroup, with a higher proportion of white codes among the migrant population. Low-acuity headache: patients born abroad showed a lower likelihood of specialist consultation (OR 0.57; 95% CI 0.34–0.96) and a lower tendency to undergo head CT (OR 0.61; 95% CI 0.37–1.01). Chest pain: after adjustment for clinical severity and medical history factors, no significant differences emerged between the two groups for the outcomes analysed, suggesting lower process variability within a more standardized pathway. Low-acuity low back pain: differences observed in the univariable analysis were largely influenced by the epidemiological case-mix (higher frequency of renal colic among natives vs musculoskeletal diagnoses). Language barrier (exploratory analysis among patients born abroad only, n=66): the presence of a language barrier was associated with an increased risk of ED return visit within 30 days (OR 1.98; 95% CI 1.00–3.92) and a lower likelihood of Observation Unit stay (OR 0.25; 95% CI 0.07–0.83); these findings should be interpreted as hypothesis-generating given the small subgroup size. Conclusions. Differences between patients born abroad and those born in Italy were not uniform across the three chief complaints. For chest pain, characterized by a more standardized care pathway, no independent differences emerged after adjustment. In low-acuity headache, signals of process differences were observed, particularly regarding the use of consultations and, partly, imaging. In low-acuity low back pain, differences decreased after controlling for case-mix. Overall, the results suggest that potential inequalities may mainly arise in less standardized decision-making steps and that communication may contribute to differences in management. Multicentre prospective studies with a more in-depth assessment of social determinants and access barriers could clarify the underlying mechanisms and guide targeted organizational interventions.
Introduzione. La migrazione può associarsi a disuguaglianze di salute legate a determinanti sociali e a barriere di accesso ai servizi sanitari. Il Pronto Soccorso (PS) costituisce un contesto privilegiato per osservare tali dinamiche, in quanto garantisce accesso alle cure urgenti anche in assenza di un percorso territoriale strutturato. Scopo dello studio. Confrontare il percorso assistenziale in PS tra pazienti nati in Italia e nati all’estero (popolazione migrante definita per Paese di nascita) per tre motivi di accesso: cefalea, dolore toracico e dolore lombare, valutando utilizzo di risorse diagnostiche ed esiti clinico-organizzativi. Nella popolazione migrante, esplorare l’associazione tra barriera linguistica ed esiti selezionati. Materiali e Metodi. È stato condotto uno studio osservazionale retrospettivo monocentrico su verbali di PS presso l’Azienda Ospedale-Università di Padova. Sono stati inclusi pazienti consecutivi ≥18 anni: cefalea e dolore lombare con triage bianco/verde nel periodo 01/02/2024 – 30/04/2024 e pazienti con dolore toracico con tutti i codici triage nel periodo 01/02/2024 – 15/03/2024. Sono stati analizzati gli accertamenti eseguiti, le consulenze specialistiche, il transito in Osservazione Breve Intensiva (OBI) e il rientro in PS entro 30 giorni. Sono stati costruiti modelli di regressione logistica multivariata aggiustati per potenziali confondenti. Risultati. Sono stati inclusi 1.877 pazienti (319 cefalea, 899 dolore toracico, 659 dolore lombare); i nati all’estero hanno rappresentato il 30,6%, erano mediamente più giovani (44 – 45 anni vs 53 – 60 anni, p < 0,001) e con minore prevalenza di comorbidità croniche. La distribuzione dei codici di triage differiva tra i gruppi, soprattutto nel sottogruppo del dolore toracico, con una maggiore quota di codici bianchi per la popolazione migrante. Cefalea a bassa priorità: i nati all’estero hanno mostrato una minore probabilità di consulenza specialistica (OR 0,57; IC95% 0,34 – 0,96) e una minore tendenza all'esecuzione di TC encefalo (OR 0,61; IC 95% 0,37 – 1,01). Dolore toracico: dopo aggiustamento per gravità clinica e fattori anamnestici non sono emerse differenze significative tra i due gruppi per gli esiti analizzati, suggerendo una minore variabilità di processo in un percorso maggiormente standardizzato. Dolore lombare a bassa priorità: le differenze osservate nell’analisi univariata sono risultate in larga parte influenzate dal case-mix epidemiologico (maggiore frequenza di coliche renali nei nativi vs diagnosi muscoloscheletriche). Barriera linguistica (analisi esplorativa nei soli nati all’estero, n = 66): la barriera linguistica è risultata associata ad un aumento del rischio di rientro in PS entro 30 giorni (OR 1,98; IC95% 1,00 – 3,92) e ad una minore probabilità di OBI (OR 0,25; IC95% 0,07 – 0,83); tali risultati devono essere interpretati come ipotesi-generanti per la limitata numerosità del sottogruppo. Conclusioni. Le differenze tra pazienti nati all’estero e nati in Italia non sono risultate uniformi tra i tre motivi di accesso. Nel dolore toracico, caratterizzato da un percorso assistenziale maggiormente standardizzato, non sono emerse differenze indipendenti dopo aggiustamento. Nella cefalea a bassa priorità sono invece emersi segnali di differenze di processo, in particolare per quanto riguarda il ricorso a consulenze e, in parte, all’imaging. Nel dolore lombare, le differenze si sono ridotte dopo controllo del case-mix. Nel complesso, i risultati suggeriscono che eventuali disuguaglianze possono manifestarsi soprattutto nei passaggi decisionali meno standardizzati e che la comunicazione possa contribuire a differenze di gestione. Studi prospettici multicentrici, con una valutazione più approfondita dei determinanti sociali e barriere di accesso, potrebbero chiarire i meccanismi sottostanti e orientare interventi organizzativi mirati.
Utilizzo del Pronto Soccorso da parte della popolazione migrante e nativa italiana: uno studio osservazionale retrospettivo monocentrico
DAVID, ALINA
2023/2024
Abstract
Introduction. Migration may be associated with health inequalities related to social determinants and barriers to access to healthcare services. The Emergency Department (ED) represents a privileged setting to observe these dynamics, as it guarantees access to urgent care even in the absence of a structured community-based care pathway. Study aim. To compare ED care pathways between patients born in Italy and those born abroad (migrant population defined by country of birth) for three chief complaints: headache, chest pain, and low back pain, assessing the use of diagnostic resources and clinical-organizational outcomes. Within the migrant population, to explore the association between language barriers and selected outcomes. Materials and Methods. A single-centre retrospective observational study was conducted using ED records at the Azienda Ospedale–Università di Padova. Consecutive patients aged ≥18 years were included: headache and low back pain with white/green triage codes during 01/02/2024–30/04/2024, and chest pain with all triage codes during 01/02/2024–15/03/2024. Diagnostic tests performed, specialist consultations, transfer to the Observation Unit, and ED return visit within 30 days were analysed. Multivariable logistic regression models were built and adjusted for potential confounders. Results. A total of 1,877 patients were included (319 headache, 899 chest pain, 659 low back pain); patients born abroad accounted for 30.6%, were on average younger (44–45 years vs 53–60 years, p<0.001), and had a lower prevalence of chronic comorbidities. The distribution of triage codes differed between groups, particularly in the chest pain subgroup, with a higher proportion of white codes among the migrant population. Low-acuity headache: patients born abroad showed a lower likelihood of specialist consultation (OR 0.57; 95% CI 0.34–0.96) and a lower tendency to undergo head CT (OR 0.61; 95% CI 0.37–1.01). Chest pain: after adjustment for clinical severity and medical history factors, no significant differences emerged between the two groups for the outcomes analysed, suggesting lower process variability within a more standardized pathway. Low-acuity low back pain: differences observed in the univariable analysis were largely influenced by the epidemiological case-mix (higher frequency of renal colic among natives vs musculoskeletal diagnoses). Language barrier (exploratory analysis among patients born abroad only, n=66): the presence of a language barrier was associated with an increased risk of ED return visit within 30 days (OR 1.98; 95% CI 1.00–3.92) and a lower likelihood of Observation Unit stay (OR 0.25; 95% CI 0.07–0.83); these findings should be interpreted as hypothesis-generating given the small subgroup size. Conclusions. Differences between patients born abroad and those born in Italy were not uniform across the three chief complaints. For chest pain, characterized by a more standardized care pathway, no independent differences emerged after adjustment. In low-acuity headache, signals of process differences were observed, particularly regarding the use of consultations and, partly, imaging. In low-acuity low back pain, differences decreased after controlling for case-mix. Overall, the results suggest that potential inequalities may mainly arise in less standardized decision-making steps and that communication may contribute to differences in management. Multicentre prospective studies with a more in-depth assessment of social determinants and access barriers could clarify the underlying mechanisms and guide targeted organizational interventions.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/103809