Background: obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a recognized cardiovascular risk factor. The apnea–hypopnea index (AHI), commonly used to define disease severity, may not fully capture cumulative exposure to intermittent hypoxemia. Parameters such as minimum oxygen desaturation and the percentage of time spent with oxygen saturation below 90% (T90%) provide a more comprehensive assessment of hypoxic burden and may be more strongly associated with subclinical cardiac remodeling. Objectives: to evaluate the association between polysomnographic parameters and alterations in left ventricular structure and function in patients with suspected OSA, and to assess whether indices of nocturnal hypoxemia provide additional information beyond AHI. Methods: this monocentric cross-sectional observational study included 149 consecutive patients undergoing home sleep apnea testing and transthoracic echocardiography. AHI, minimum desaturation, and T90% were analyzed together with key echocardiographic structural parameters (left ventricular mass, LVMI, IVS, PW) and functional parameters (EF, LVEDVi, E/A ratio, and E/e’ ratio). Independent associations were assessed using hierarchical multiple linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, and relevant comorbidities. Results: patients with moderate–severe OSA exhibited a significantly higher LVMI compared with those with mild OSA (98.9 ± 25.0 vs 83.9 ± 17.8 g/m²; p < 0.001), with no differences in systolic function. In multivariable models, minimum oxygen desaturation was independently associated with LVMI (β = −0.212; p = 0.030), whereas AHI was not significant. Minimum desaturation was also independently associated with the E/A ratio (β = 0.208; p = 0.038), and T90% with the E/e’ ratio (β = 0.351; p = 0.037), regardless of AHI. No hypoxic burden parameter was associated with left ventricular ejection fraction. Conclusions: indices of hypoxic burden are more strongly associated with left ventricular remodeling and diastolic function parameters than AHI. The systematic integration of these metrics may allow a more accurate cardiovascular risk stratification and support earlier and more targeted therapeutic intervention in patients with OSA.
Introduzione: la sindrome delle apnee ostruttive del sonno (OSAS) è un riconosciuto fattore di rischio cardiovascolare. L’indice apnea–ipopnea (AHI), il parametro utilizzato per definire la gravità della malattia, non riflette pienamente l’esposizione cumulativa all’ipossiemia intermittente. Misure quali la desaturazione minima e la percentuale di tempo con saturazione <90% (T90%) consentono una valutazione più integrata del burden ipossico e potrebbero essere maggiormente associati alle modificazioni cardiache. Obiettivo: valutare l’associazione tra parametri polisonnografici e alterazioni della struttura e funzione del ventricolo sinistro in pazienti con sospetto di OSAS, verificando il contributo degli indici di ipossiemia rispetto all’AHI. Materiali e Metodi: studio osservazionale monocentrico trasversale su 149 pazienti consecutivi sottoposti a home sleep apnea testing ed ecocardiografia transtoracica. Sono stati analizzati AHI, desaturazione minima e T90%, insieme ai principali parametri ecocardiografici strutturali (massa ventricolare sinistra, LVMI, SIV e PP) e funzionali (FE, VTDI, E/A ed E/e’). Le associazioni indipendenti sono state valutate mediante regressione lineare multipla gerarchica aggiustata per età, sesso, BMI e comorbidità. Risultati: i pazienti con OSA moderata–severa presentavano un LVMI significativamente maggiore (98.9 ± 25.0 vs 83.9 ± 17.8 g/m²; p < 0.001), senza differenze nella funzione sistolica. Nei modelli multivariati, la desaturazione minima risultava associata indipendentemente al LVMI (β = −0.212; p = 0.030), mentre l’AHI non era significativo. La desaturazione minima si associava inoltre al rapporto E/A (β = 0.208; p = 0.038) e il T90% al rapporto E/e’ (β = 0.351; p = 0.037), indipendentemente dall’AHI. Nessun parametro di burden ipossico risultava associato alla frazione di eiezione. Conclusioni: gli indici di burden ipossico risultano associati al rimodellamento ventricolare sinistro e a parametri di funzione diastolica in misura maggiore rispetto all’AHI. L’integrazione sistematica di tali parametri potrebbe consentire una stratificazione più accurata del rischio cardiovascolare e orientare un intervento terapeutico più precoce e mirato nei pazienti con OSA.
BURDEN IPOSSICO E DANNO CARDIOVASCOLARE: VALUTAZIONE ECOCARDIOGRAFICA NEI SOGGETTI CON APNEE OSTRUTTIVE NEL SONNO.
MENON, ANDREA
2023/2024
Abstract
Background: obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a recognized cardiovascular risk factor. The apnea–hypopnea index (AHI), commonly used to define disease severity, may not fully capture cumulative exposure to intermittent hypoxemia. Parameters such as minimum oxygen desaturation and the percentage of time spent with oxygen saturation below 90% (T90%) provide a more comprehensive assessment of hypoxic burden and may be more strongly associated with subclinical cardiac remodeling. Objectives: to evaluate the association between polysomnographic parameters and alterations in left ventricular structure and function in patients with suspected OSA, and to assess whether indices of nocturnal hypoxemia provide additional information beyond AHI. Methods: this monocentric cross-sectional observational study included 149 consecutive patients undergoing home sleep apnea testing and transthoracic echocardiography. AHI, minimum desaturation, and T90% were analyzed together with key echocardiographic structural parameters (left ventricular mass, LVMI, IVS, PW) and functional parameters (EF, LVEDVi, E/A ratio, and E/e’ ratio). Independent associations were assessed using hierarchical multiple linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, and relevant comorbidities. Results: patients with moderate–severe OSA exhibited a significantly higher LVMI compared with those with mild OSA (98.9 ± 25.0 vs 83.9 ± 17.8 g/m²; p < 0.001), with no differences in systolic function. In multivariable models, minimum oxygen desaturation was independently associated with LVMI (β = −0.212; p = 0.030), whereas AHI was not significant. Minimum desaturation was also independently associated with the E/A ratio (β = 0.208; p = 0.038), and T90% with the E/e’ ratio (β = 0.351; p = 0.037), regardless of AHI. No hypoxic burden parameter was associated with left ventricular ejection fraction. Conclusions: indices of hypoxic burden are more strongly associated with left ventricular remodeling and diastolic function parameters than AHI. The systematic integration of these metrics may allow a more accurate cardiovascular risk stratification and support earlier and more targeted therapeutic intervention in patients with OSA.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/103854