Background: Advances in hemophilia treatment have increased life expectancy, exposing patients to the risk of cardiovascular disease. Despite an expected protection against thrombosis, cardiovascular events indeed occur. Aims: To assess the prevalence and predictors of cardiovascular events in hemophilia A and B, and their association with clinical and subclinical atherosclerosis. Methods: We conducted a multicenter ambispective observational cohort study including 163 patients aged >40 years with hemophilia A or B (139 hemophilia A; 24 hemophilia B), followed at the Hemophilia Centers of Padua and Castelfranco Veneto, in North-East Italy. Patients were divided into two groups according to the occurrence of clinical events (myocardial infarction, stroke/TIA, and venous thrombosis). Demographic, clinical, laboratory, and treatment-related variables were collected. ROTEM and Multiplate assays were performed. All participants underwent carotid ultrasound, abdominal aorta diameter measurement, and ankle-brachial index (ABI) assessment. Associations with outcomes were evaluated using univariate analyses and multivariable logistic regression models. Results: A total of 16.6% of patients (27/163) experienced at least one event, occurring more frequently in mild than in severe hemophilia (70.4% vs 40.4%; p = 0.0199), with no difference between hemophilia A and B. Patients with events were older than those without (67.8 ± 12.2 vs 55.7 ± 10.7 years; p = 0.001). Events were associated with HIV infection (OR 6.51; 95% CI 1.38–30.77), hypertension (OR 3.17; 95% CI 1.31–7.68), dyslipidemia (OR 2.38; 95% CI 1.02–5.56), and subclinical atherosclerosis (OR 3.51; 95% CI 1.25– 9.84). Patients with events also showed significantly greater carotid plaque thickness, larger abdominal aorta diameter, and abnormal ABI (<1) (p = 0.006, p = 0.03, p = 0.001). Laboratory findings revealed lower hemoglobin and platelet counts in the event group (p = 0.007, p = 0.003). Thromboelastometry demonstrated a shorter INTEM clotting time in patients with events (p = 0.004). Kaplan–Meier analysis showed no significant difference in event-free survival between mild-moderate and severe hemophilia (p = 0.94). Conclusions: Thrombotic and cardiovascular events occurred in a minority of patients with hemophilia A and B and were more frequent among older individuals, patients with mild disease, and those with HIV infection. Events were associated with traditional cardiovascular risk factors and markers of subclinical atherosclerosis, emphasizing the importance of comprehensive cardiovascular evaluation in this population.
Background: I progressi nel trattamento dell’emofilia hanno determinato un significativo aumento dell’aspettativa di vita, esponendo i pazienti a un rischio crescente di patologie cardiovascolari. Nonostante una teorica protezione nei confronti della trombosi, gli eventi cardiovascolari possono comunque verificarsi. Obiettivi: Valutare la prevalenza e i fattori predittivi degli eventi cardiovascolari nei pazienti con emofilia A e B, nonché la loro associazione con l’aterosclerosi clinica e subclinica. Metodi: È stato condotto uno studio di coorte osservazionale multicentrico ambispetttivo che ha incluso 163 pazienti di età superiore ai 40 anni con emofilia A o B (139 con emofilia A e 24 con emofilia B), seguiti presso i Centri Emofilia di Padova e Castelfranco Veneto (Nord-Est Italia). I pazienti sono stati suddivisi in due gruppi in base alla presenza di eventi clinici (infarto miocardico, ictus/TIA e trombosi venosa). Sono state raccolte variabili demografiche, cliniche, laboratoristiche e relative al trattamento. Sono stati eseguiti test ROTEM e Multiplate. Tutti i partecipanti sono stati sottoposti a ecografia carotidea, misurazione del diametro dell’aorta addominale e valutazione dell’indice caviglia-braccio (ABI). Le associazioni con gli esiti sono state analizzate mediante analisi univariate e modelli di regressione logistica multivariata. Risultati: Complessivamente, il 16,6% dei pazienti (27/163) ha presentato almeno un evento cardiovascolare o trombotico, con una maggiore frequenza nei soggetti con emofilia lieve rispetto a quelli con emofilia severa (70,4% vs 40,4%; p = 0,0199), senza differenze significative tra emofilia A e B. I pazienti con eventi erano significativamente più anziani rispetto a quelli senza eventi (67,8 ± 12,2 vs 55,7 ± 10,7 anni; p = 0,001). La presenza di eventi risultava associata all’infezione da HIV (OR 6,51; IC 95% 1,38–30,77), all’ipertensione arteriosa (OR 3,17; IC 95% 1,31–7,68), alla dislipidemia (OR 2,38; IC 95% 1,02–5,56) e alla presenza di aterosclerosi subclinica (OR 3,51; IC 95% 1,25–9,84). Inoltre, i pazienti con eventi presentavano uno spessore delle placche carotidee significativamente maggiore, un diametro dell’aorta addominale più elevato e valori patologici di ABI (<1) (p = 0,006; p = 0,03; p = 0,001). Dal punto di vista laboratoristico, nel gruppo con eventi sono stati osservati valori inferiori di emoglobina e conta piastrinica (p = 0,007 e p = 0,003). La tromboelastometria ha evidenziato un tempo di coagulazione INTEM significativamente più breve nei pazienti con eventi (p = 0,004). L’analisi di Kaplan–Meier non ha mostrato differenze significative nella sopravvivenza libera da eventi tra pazienti con emofilia lieve-moderata e severa (p = 0,94). Conclusioni: Gli eventi trombotici e cardiovascolari si sono verificati in una minoranza di pazienti con emofilia A e B, risultando più frequenti nei soggetti più anziani, nei pazienti con forme lievi di malattia e in quelli con infezione da HIV. Tali eventi sono risultati associati ai tradizionali fattori di rischio cardiovascolare e a indicatori di aterosclerosi subclinica, evidenziando la necessità di una valutazione cardiovascolare completa e sistematica in questa popolazione.
Eventi cardiovascolari e aterosclerosi subclinica nei pazienti con emofilia A e B: uno studio di coorte multicentrico.
NAPOLITANO, ANGELA
2023/2024
Abstract
Background: Advances in hemophilia treatment have increased life expectancy, exposing patients to the risk of cardiovascular disease. Despite an expected protection against thrombosis, cardiovascular events indeed occur. Aims: To assess the prevalence and predictors of cardiovascular events in hemophilia A and B, and their association with clinical and subclinical atherosclerosis. Methods: We conducted a multicenter ambispective observational cohort study including 163 patients aged >40 years with hemophilia A or B (139 hemophilia A; 24 hemophilia B), followed at the Hemophilia Centers of Padua and Castelfranco Veneto, in North-East Italy. Patients were divided into two groups according to the occurrence of clinical events (myocardial infarction, stroke/TIA, and venous thrombosis). Demographic, clinical, laboratory, and treatment-related variables were collected. ROTEM and Multiplate assays were performed. All participants underwent carotid ultrasound, abdominal aorta diameter measurement, and ankle-brachial index (ABI) assessment. Associations with outcomes were evaluated using univariate analyses and multivariable logistic regression models. Results: A total of 16.6% of patients (27/163) experienced at least one event, occurring more frequently in mild than in severe hemophilia (70.4% vs 40.4%; p = 0.0199), with no difference between hemophilia A and B. Patients with events were older than those without (67.8 ± 12.2 vs 55.7 ± 10.7 years; p = 0.001). Events were associated with HIV infection (OR 6.51; 95% CI 1.38–30.77), hypertension (OR 3.17; 95% CI 1.31–7.68), dyslipidemia (OR 2.38; 95% CI 1.02–5.56), and subclinical atherosclerosis (OR 3.51; 95% CI 1.25– 9.84). Patients with events also showed significantly greater carotid plaque thickness, larger abdominal aorta diameter, and abnormal ABI (<1) (p = 0.006, p = 0.03, p = 0.001). Laboratory findings revealed lower hemoglobin and platelet counts in the event group (p = 0.007, p = 0.003). Thromboelastometry demonstrated a shorter INTEM clotting time in patients with events (p = 0.004). Kaplan–Meier analysis showed no significant difference in event-free survival between mild-moderate and severe hemophilia (p = 0.94). Conclusions: Thrombotic and cardiovascular events occurred in a minority of patients with hemophilia A and B and were more frequent among older individuals, patients with mild disease, and those with HIV infection. Events were associated with traditional cardiovascular risk factors and markers of subclinical atherosclerosis, emphasizing the importance of comprehensive cardiovascular evaluation in this population.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/103856