Background: Sickle cell disease (SCD) is one of the most prevalent red blood cell disorders and remains associated with high mortality rates. It is a systemic condition, primarily characterized by vaso-occlusive crises, which drive both acute clinical episodes and the long-term organ damage. The pathophysiology of vaso-occlusive crises is complex and involves alteration of the hemostatic system, leading to a hypercoagulable state. Whole-blood thrombin generation assay (WB-TG) is a global method for assessing hemostasis, dynamically measuring thrombin formation by integrating the contributions of both plasma factors and cellular components. Aim of the Study: This study aims to compare WB-TG parameters in patients with sickle cell disease during steady state with those of a healthy control group and to explore the association between TM-modified WB-TG parameters and laboratory variables and clinical outcomes. Materials and Methods: In this single-center observational study, at the Padua University-Hospital, 30 sickle cell disease patients, including pediatric (≥ 10 years) and adult patients, were enrolled in steady state (at least 4 weeks after acute disease exacerbations, hospitalizations and transfusion therapy). At the time of recruitment, clinical, historical, and standard laboratory data were collected. Patients were then followed for 12 months, recording acute events (vaso-occlusive crises, VOC; acute chest syndrome, ACS; hospitalizations). WB-TG was performed within 4 hours from blood sample collection, both with and without TM. The WB-TG parameters included: lag time, time-to-peak, thrombin peak, endogenous thrombin potential (ETP), velocity index, ETP ratio (ETP+TM/ETP) and ETP inhibition (%). Statistical analysis was conducted using Mann-Whitney tests and exploratory univariable logistic regression. Results: WB-TG was performed in 28 SCD patients (median age 19 years) and 21 healthy controls. In steady state, SCD patients exhibited markedly accelerated thrombin generation kinetics compared to controls: shorter lag time and time-to-peak (both p < 0.001); higher velocity index (p < 0.001); while ETP and peak thrombin were not different. Under TM, kinetics remained faster in SCD patients: shorter lag time+TM and time-to-peak+TM (both p < 0.001), higher velocity index+TM (p < 0.001), and higher peak+TM (p = 0.034). TM-mediated inhibition was reduced in SCD patients compared to healthy controls, consistent with TM resistance in these subjects: higher ETP ratio and corresponding lower ETP inhibition (p = 0.018). Furthermore, lower ETP inhibition was associated with acute disease manifestations in the prior 12 months: VOC (p = 0.015, OR 0.93, 95% CI 0.87-0.99), ACS (p = 0.003, OR 0.86, 95% CI 0.76-0.97), and hospitalizations (p = 0.015, OR 0.94, 95% CI 0.88-1.00). No significant association was observed between WB-TG parameters and the acute clinical manifestations over the 12-months follow-up. Conclusions: In patients with sickle cell disease in steady state, WB-TG parameters revealed accelerated thrombin generation kinetics and reduced thrombomodulin-mediated inhibition, supporting a persistent procoagulant state with impaired protein C pathway modulation. The association of TM-modified WB-TG parameters (particularly ETP inhibition) and acute clinical events in the preceding 12 months suggests a potential use of this test in stratifying thrombo-inflammatory risk in these patients. Prospective studies with extended follow-up and larger sample sizes are needed to validate these results and confirm the clinical predictive utility of the test.
L’anemia a cellule falciformi (SCD) è una delle più frequenti patologie del globulo rosso, ancora gravata da elevata mortalità. È una malattia sistemica, la cui complicanza distintiva è la crisi vaso occlusiva. La fisiopatologia che sostiene la crisi vaso occlusiva è complessa e coinvolge anche l’alterazione del sistema emostatico, in senso ipercoagulabile. Il test di generazione della trombina su sangue intero (WB-TG) è una metodica di valutazione globale dell’emostasi che misura in modo dinamico la formazione della trombina, integrando il contributo dei fattori plasmatici e degli elementi cellulari. L’obiettivo di questo lavoro è confrontare i parametri della trombino generazione su sangue intero (WB-TG) nei pazienti con drepanocitosi allo steady state con una popolazione di controlli sani, ed esplorare l’associazione tra i parametri della WB-TG in presenza di trombomodulina (TM) e i parametri di laboratorio standard e le manifestazioni cliniche di malattia. In questo studio osservazionale monocentrico intrapreso presso l’Azienda Ospedale-Università di Padova, 30 pazienti affetti da di drepanocitosi, pediatrici (età ≥ 10 anni) e adulti, sono stati arruolati allo stato basale (a distanza di almeno 4 settimane da esacerbazioni acute di malattia, ospedalizzazioni e terapia trasfusionale). Al momento del reclutamento, sono stati raccolti dati clinici, anamnestici e di laboratorio standard. In seguito, gli stessi pazienti sono stati seguiti in follow up clinico di 12 mesi e sono stati registrati tutti gli eventi acuti (crisi vaso occlusive, VOC; acute chest syndrome, ACS; ricoveri ospedalieri). La WB-TG è stata eseguita entro 4 ore dalla raccolta del campione ematico in assenza e in presenza di TM. I parametri della WB-TG comprendevano: lag time, time-to-peak, thrombin peak, endogenous thrombin potential (ETP), velocity index, ETP ratio (ETP+TM/ETP), e ETP inhibition (%). L’analisi statistica è stata eseguita mediante test di Mann-Whitney e analisi di regressione logistica univariata esplorativa. La WB-TG è stata eseguita in 28 pazienti con SCD (mediana di età 19 anni) e 21 controlli sani. Allo steady state, i pazienti con drepanocitosi hanno mostrato una cinetica di generazione della trombina accelerata rispetto ai controlli sani: più brevi lag time e time-to-peak (entrambi p<0.001); velocity index maggiore (p<0.001); mentre ETP e peak thrombin non sono risultati differenti. Anche in presenza di TM la cinetica di generazione della trombina rimane accelerata nei pazienti con SCD: più brevi lag time+TM e time-to-peak+TM (entrambi p<0.001), velocity index+TM maggiore (p<0.001), con anche peak+TM maggiore (p=0.034). La capacità di inibizione da parte della trombomodulina è risultata ridotta nei pazienti con SCD rispetto ai controlli sani, documentando una resistenza alla TM in questi soggetti: ETP ratio maggiore e corrispondente ETP inhibition minore (p=0.018). Infine, ETP inhibition minore è risultato associato alle manifestazioni acute di malattia nei 12 mesi precedenti: VOC (p=0.015, OR 0.93 IC 95% 0.87-0.99), ACS (p=0.003, OR 0.86 IC 95% 0.76-0.97), ospedalizzazioni (p=0.015, OR 0.94 IC 95% 0.88-1.00). Non è stata invece osservata significativa associazione tra i parametri del test di trombino generazione e le stesse manifestazioni cliniche nei 12 mesi di follow up. Nei pazienti con drepanocitosi allo steady state, i parametri di WB-TG hanno mostrato la presenza di una cinetica di generazione della trombina accelerata e una ridotta inibizione mediata dalla trombomodulina, supportando la presenza di uno stato procoagulante dovuto ad una disfunzione della via della proteina C. L’associazione dei parametri della WB-TG in presenza di trombomodulina (in particolare ETP inhibition) con gli eventi clinici acuti nei 12 mesi precedenti suggeriscono un potenziale impiego di questo test nella stratificazione del rischio trombotico-infiammatorio in questi pazienti.
Potenziale utilità del test di generazione della trombina nella valutazione dello stato ipercoagulabile nei pazienti con anemia falciforme
BRAVIN, ANGELA
2023/2024
Abstract
Background: Sickle cell disease (SCD) is one of the most prevalent red blood cell disorders and remains associated with high mortality rates. It is a systemic condition, primarily characterized by vaso-occlusive crises, which drive both acute clinical episodes and the long-term organ damage. The pathophysiology of vaso-occlusive crises is complex and involves alteration of the hemostatic system, leading to a hypercoagulable state. Whole-blood thrombin generation assay (WB-TG) is a global method for assessing hemostasis, dynamically measuring thrombin formation by integrating the contributions of both plasma factors and cellular components. Aim of the Study: This study aims to compare WB-TG parameters in patients with sickle cell disease during steady state with those of a healthy control group and to explore the association between TM-modified WB-TG parameters and laboratory variables and clinical outcomes. Materials and Methods: In this single-center observational study, at the Padua University-Hospital, 30 sickle cell disease patients, including pediatric (≥ 10 years) and adult patients, were enrolled in steady state (at least 4 weeks after acute disease exacerbations, hospitalizations and transfusion therapy). At the time of recruitment, clinical, historical, and standard laboratory data were collected. Patients were then followed for 12 months, recording acute events (vaso-occlusive crises, VOC; acute chest syndrome, ACS; hospitalizations). WB-TG was performed within 4 hours from blood sample collection, both with and without TM. The WB-TG parameters included: lag time, time-to-peak, thrombin peak, endogenous thrombin potential (ETP), velocity index, ETP ratio (ETP+TM/ETP) and ETP inhibition (%). Statistical analysis was conducted using Mann-Whitney tests and exploratory univariable logistic regression. Results: WB-TG was performed in 28 SCD patients (median age 19 years) and 21 healthy controls. In steady state, SCD patients exhibited markedly accelerated thrombin generation kinetics compared to controls: shorter lag time and time-to-peak (both p < 0.001); higher velocity index (p < 0.001); while ETP and peak thrombin were not different. Under TM, kinetics remained faster in SCD patients: shorter lag time+TM and time-to-peak+TM (both p < 0.001), higher velocity index+TM (p < 0.001), and higher peak+TM (p = 0.034). TM-mediated inhibition was reduced in SCD patients compared to healthy controls, consistent with TM resistance in these subjects: higher ETP ratio and corresponding lower ETP inhibition (p = 0.018). Furthermore, lower ETP inhibition was associated with acute disease manifestations in the prior 12 months: VOC (p = 0.015, OR 0.93, 95% CI 0.87-0.99), ACS (p = 0.003, OR 0.86, 95% CI 0.76-0.97), and hospitalizations (p = 0.015, OR 0.94, 95% CI 0.88-1.00). No significant association was observed between WB-TG parameters and the acute clinical manifestations over the 12-months follow-up. Conclusions: In patients with sickle cell disease in steady state, WB-TG parameters revealed accelerated thrombin generation kinetics and reduced thrombomodulin-mediated inhibition, supporting a persistent procoagulant state with impaired protein C pathway modulation. The association of TM-modified WB-TG parameters (particularly ETP inhibition) and acute clinical events in the preceding 12 months suggests a potential use of this test in stratifying thrombo-inflammatory risk in these patients. Prospective studies with extended follow-up and larger sample sizes are needed to validate these results and confirm the clinical predictive utility of the test.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/103862