Introduction and aims: Several clinical trials have attempted to assess the effect of long-term albumin therapy (LTA) in patients with cirrhosis complicated by ascites. Unfortunately, these studies have not provided conclusive results, and therefore this treatment is not currently recommended for the management of difficult-to-control ascites. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of LTA, administered in a real-life outpatient setting, on liver-related mortality in patients with cirrhosis complicated by ascites. Methods: A total of 923 patients with liver cirrhosis and ascites as the first sign of decompensation were enrolled between 2003 and 2024 from four European tertiary referral centers (Padua, Vienna, Odense, Bologna). Patients were included from the first episode of ascitic decompensation and were followed until the end of follow-up (March 2025), death (classified as liver-related or non–liver-related), or liver transplantation. In the study cohort, 137 patients (14.87%) received LTA (i.e., for more than 30 days); the median albumin dose was 40 g/week, and patients were treated for a median duration of 319 days (IQR 142–215). Inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW), adjusted for age, sex, MELD score, and etiological treatment, was applied to account for differences in disease severity in Cox regression analyses for overall and liver-related mortality. Simon–Makuch and Mantel–Byars tests were also performed considering LTA as a time-dependent covariate. Results: During a median follow-up of 46 months, 43.3% of patients receiving standard medical treatment (SMT) died compared with 35.8% of patients receiving LTA; liver-related mortality (LR-death) occurred in 36.4% of the SMT group and 26.3% of the LTA group. The 36-month cumulative incidence of LR-death was 31.7% in the SMT group versus 24.9% in the LTA group (log-rank p = 0.100). IPTW-adjusted Cox regression analysis showed that LTA was associated with a significantly reduced risk of LR-death (aHR: 0.65 [95% CI: 0.46–0.93]; p = 0.019). However, no significant reduction in overall mortality was observed (aHR: 0.77 [95% CI: 0.56–1.05]; p = 0.095). In the subgroup of patients with recurrent or refractory ascites, LTA was associated with a lower risk of LR-death in a model weighted for age, sex, and MELD score (HR: 0.57 [95% CI: 0.35–0.94]; p = 0.027). Conclusions: Despite the limitations related to the retrospective design and non-standardized treatment protocols, LTA significantly reduced liver-related mortality in our cohort of patients with cirrhosis complicated by ascites. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings, particularly considering the more advanced disease stage of patients treated with LTA.
Introduzione ed obiettivi: Diversi trial clinici hanno cercato di valutare l’effetto della terapia con albumina a lungo termine (LTA) nei pazienti con cirrosi complicata da ascite. Purtroppo, questi studi non hanno raggiunto una risposta univoca e pertanto questo trattamento non è attualmente raccomandato per la gestione dell’ascite di difficile controllo. Lo scopo di questo studio è stato quello di valutare gli effetti della terapia con LTA, somministrata in un contesto ambulatoriale real-life, sulla mortalità correlata all’epatopatia nei pazienti affetti da cirrosi complicata da ascite. Metodi: Sono stati arruolati 923 pazienti con cirrosi epatica ed ascite come primo segno di scompenso tra il 2003 e il 2024, provenienti da quattro centri di terzo livello Europei (Padova, Vienna, Odense, Bologna). I pazienti sono stati inclusi nello studio a partire dal primo episodio di scompenso ascitico e sono stati seguiti fino alla fine del follow up (Marzo 2025) o fino alla morte (registrata come correlata alla malattia epatica o meno) o al trapianto di fegato. Nello studio, 137 pazienti (14.87%) hanno ricevuto LTA (i.e., per più di 30 giorni), la dose mediana di albumina è stata di 40 grammi/settimana e i pazienti sono stati trattati per un tempo mediano di 319 giorni (IQR 142-215). Abbiamo applicato la inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) adeguata per età, sesso, MELD e trattamento eziologico, per tenere conto delle differenze nella gravità della patologia, nell’analisi di regressione di Cox riguardo alla mortalità globale e relativa alla malattia epatica, e i test di Simon-Makuch e Mantel-Byars considerando LTA come covariata tempo-dipendente. Risultati: Durante un follow-up mediano di 46 mesi, il 43.3% dei pazienti in standard medical treatment (SMT) è deceduto vs il 35.8% dei pazienti LTA, di cui 36.4%nel gruppo SMT e 26.3% LTA di mortalità liver-related (LR-death). L'incidenza della LR-death a 36 mesi è stata del 31.7% nel gruppo SMT vs. 24.9% nel gruppo LTA (log-rank p=0.100). L’analisi di regressione del rischio di Cox con IPTW per trattamento LTA ha mostrato che la terapia albuminica a lungo termine era associata con un rischio significativamente ridotto di LR-death (aHR: 0.65 [95%CI: 0.46-0.93]; p=0.019). Nonostante ciò, la stessa analisi per la mortalità globale non ha mostrato una riduzione significativa del rischio (aHR 0.77 [95%CI: 0.56-1.05], p=0.095). Nel sottogruppo di pazienti con ascite ricorrente o refrattaria, LTA è risultata associata a un rischio inferiore di LR-death in un modello pesato per età, sesso e MELD (HR 0.57 [95%CI: 0.35-0.94, p=0.027). Conclusioni: Pur riconoscendo le limitazioni relative al disegno retrospettivo ed ai programmi di trattamento non standardizzati, LTA ha significativamente ridotto la mortalità correlata alla patologia epatica nella nostra coorte di pazienti affetti da cirrosi epatica complicata da ascite. Sono necessari ulteriori studi per confermare questi risultati, specialmente se si considera lo stato di malattia più avanzato dei pazienti sottoposti a LTA.
Effetti della terapia long-term con albumina sugli outcome clinici dei pazienti con cirrosi epatica complicata da ascite
SANTORI, VALERIA
2023/2024
Abstract
Introduction and aims: Several clinical trials have attempted to assess the effect of long-term albumin therapy (LTA) in patients with cirrhosis complicated by ascites. Unfortunately, these studies have not provided conclusive results, and therefore this treatment is not currently recommended for the management of difficult-to-control ascites. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of LTA, administered in a real-life outpatient setting, on liver-related mortality in patients with cirrhosis complicated by ascites. Methods: A total of 923 patients with liver cirrhosis and ascites as the first sign of decompensation were enrolled between 2003 and 2024 from four European tertiary referral centers (Padua, Vienna, Odense, Bologna). Patients were included from the first episode of ascitic decompensation and were followed until the end of follow-up (March 2025), death (classified as liver-related or non–liver-related), or liver transplantation. In the study cohort, 137 patients (14.87%) received LTA (i.e., for more than 30 days); the median albumin dose was 40 g/week, and patients were treated for a median duration of 319 days (IQR 142–215). Inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW), adjusted for age, sex, MELD score, and etiological treatment, was applied to account for differences in disease severity in Cox regression analyses for overall and liver-related mortality. Simon–Makuch and Mantel–Byars tests were also performed considering LTA as a time-dependent covariate. Results: During a median follow-up of 46 months, 43.3% of patients receiving standard medical treatment (SMT) died compared with 35.8% of patients receiving LTA; liver-related mortality (LR-death) occurred in 36.4% of the SMT group and 26.3% of the LTA group. The 36-month cumulative incidence of LR-death was 31.7% in the SMT group versus 24.9% in the LTA group (log-rank p = 0.100). IPTW-adjusted Cox regression analysis showed that LTA was associated with a significantly reduced risk of LR-death (aHR: 0.65 [95% CI: 0.46–0.93]; p = 0.019). However, no significant reduction in overall mortality was observed (aHR: 0.77 [95% CI: 0.56–1.05]; p = 0.095). In the subgroup of patients with recurrent or refractory ascites, LTA was associated with a lower risk of LR-death in a model weighted for age, sex, and MELD score (HR: 0.57 [95% CI: 0.35–0.94]; p = 0.027). Conclusions: Despite the limitations related to the retrospective design and non-standardized treatment protocols, LTA significantly reduced liver-related mortality in our cohort of patients with cirrhosis complicated by ascites. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings, particularly considering the more advanced disease stage of patients treated with LTA.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/103864