The extensive use of antibiotics in animal production represents one of the main sources of contamination of foods of animal origin with pharmaceutical residues, raising significant concerns for food safety and public health. Chronic exposure, even at low concentrations, to antibiotic residues may lead to direct adverse effects, such as allergic reactions, chronic toxicity, and alterations of the intestinal microbiota, and may also significantly contribute to the development and spread of antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this thesis is to assess the risk to human health associated with the presence of antibiotic residues in foods of animal origin intended for human consumption. The study is based on the analysis of experimental data obtained within the framework of official controls of the National Residue Monitoring Plan, covering the period 2020–2025, and includes muscle and milk samples from different animal species. Analyses were carried out using a multiclass method based on liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-Q-HRMS), validated in accordance with Regulation (EU) 2021/808, which allows the simultaneous determination of 72 antibiotics belonging to several pharmacological classes. The analytical approach adopted consists of a two-step procedure, including an initial screening phase followed by a qualitative and quantitative confirmatory analysis. Beyond the verification of compliance with Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs), this work introduces a risk assessment–oriented approach, taking into account both exceedances of regulatory limits and the presence of non-authorised substances or compounds without established MRLs, as well as scenarios of cumulative exposure. The results contribute to an integrated evaluation of the risk associated with antibiotic residues in food and provide useful insights for strengthening monitoring and prevention strategies aimed at protecting consumer health.
L’impiego estensivo di antibiotici nella produzione animale rappresenta una delle principali fonti di contaminazione degli alimenti di origine animale con residui farmacologici, ponendo rilevanti problematiche per la sicurezza alimentare e la salute pubblica. L’esposizione cronica, anche a basse concentrazioni, a residui di antibiotici può infatti determinare effetti avversi diretti, quali reazioni allergiche, tossicità cronica e alterazioni del microbiota intestinale, oltre a contribuire in modo significativo allo sviluppo e alla diffusione della resistenza antimicrobica. Il presente lavoro di tesi ha come obiettivo la valutazione del rischio per la salute umana associato alla presenza di residui di antibiotici negli alimenti di origine animale destinati al consumo umano. Lo studio si basa sull’analisi di dati sperimentali ottenuti nell’ambito del controllo ufficiale del Piano Nazionale Residui, relativi al periodo 2020–2025, e riguarda campioni di muscolo e latte provenienti da diverse specie animali. Le analisi sono state condotte mediante un metodo multiclasse basato su cromatografia liquida accoppiata a spettrometria di massa ad alta risoluzione (LC-Q-HRMS), validato secondo il Regolamento (UE) 2021/808, che consente la determinazione simultanea di 72 antibiotici appartenenti a numerose classi farmacologiche. L’approccio analitico adottato prevede un sistema a due livelli, comprendente una fase di screening seguita da una fase di conferma quali-quantitativa. Oltre alla verifica della conformità ai Limiti Massimi di Residuo (LMR), il lavoro introduce una valutazione orientata al risk assessment, considerando sia il superamento dei limiti normativi sia la presenza di sostanze non autorizzate o prive di LMR, nonché scenari di esposizione cumulativa. I risultati ottenuti contribuiscono a una valutazione integrata del rischio associato ai residui di antibiotici negli alimenti e forniscono elementi utili per il rafforzamento delle strategie di monitoraggio e prevenzione a tutela della salute del consumatore.
Residui di antibiotici negli alimenti: dall’analisi chimica alla valutazione del rischio
DIAMANTI, IRENE
2024/2025
Abstract
The extensive use of antibiotics in animal production represents one of the main sources of contamination of foods of animal origin with pharmaceutical residues, raising significant concerns for food safety and public health. Chronic exposure, even at low concentrations, to antibiotic residues may lead to direct adverse effects, such as allergic reactions, chronic toxicity, and alterations of the intestinal microbiota, and may also significantly contribute to the development and spread of antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this thesis is to assess the risk to human health associated with the presence of antibiotic residues in foods of animal origin intended for human consumption. The study is based on the analysis of experimental data obtained within the framework of official controls of the National Residue Monitoring Plan, covering the period 2020–2025, and includes muscle and milk samples from different animal species. Analyses were carried out using a multiclass method based on liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-Q-HRMS), validated in accordance with Regulation (EU) 2021/808, which allows the simultaneous determination of 72 antibiotics belonging to several pharmacological classes. The analytical approach adopted consists of a two-step procedure, including an initial screening phase followed by a qualitative and quantitative confirmatory analysis. Beyond the verification of compliance with Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs), this work introduces a risk assessment–oriented approach, taking into account both exceedances of regulatory limits and the presence of non-authorised substances or compounds without established MRLs, as well as scenarios of cumulative exposure. The results contribute to an integrated evaluation of the risk associated with antibiotic residues in food and provide useful insights for strengthening monitoring and prevention strategies aimed at protecting consumer health.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/103952