European chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) represents a fundamental multipurpose resource, cultivated globally for fruit production, high-quality timber, and fuel biomass. Italy remains one of the world's leading chestnut producers, and the Veneto region, in particular, is renowned for its excellent production of high-quality chestnut. During the 20th century, chestnut cultivation faced a general decline due to multiple biotic stress factors, including chestnut blight (Cryphonectria parasitica), ink disease (Phytophthora spp.), and infestations of the Asian chestnut gall wasp (Dryocosmus kuriphilus). Since the beginning of the 21st century, however, a new emerging threat has appeared on the European scene: chestnut brown rot, caused by the ascomycete fungus Gnomoniopsis castaneae, which has led to significant economic losses for the sector. The present work aims to investigate the presence and distribution of this pathogen in the Treviso Hills area, the production zone of the renowned "Marrone di Combai IGP." The main objectives of the research were to determine the incidence of the pathogen in fruits and to monitor the general phytosanitary status of the chestnut groves in the study areas. Concurrently, the work focused on analysing various plant organs to identify the potential latent presence of G. castaneae in the tissues and on identifying, through ß-tubulin analysis, the dominant haplotypes within the sampled areas. For data comparison, a "sentinel site" located in the Euganei Hills (Padua) was utilized, characterized by a robust historical database regarding the presence of numerous fungal pathogens, including Gnomoniopsis. The results obtained highlighted that the post-harvest and storage phase represents the most critical moment for symptom appearance, as confirmed by the drastic increase in symptomatic fruits recorded between October (harvest time) and December (conclusion of laboratory analysis rounds). Within the chestnuts, the most frequently isolated fungal species were, in descending order: G. castaneae, Penicillium spp., and Botryosphaeria dothidea. Furthermore, a diverse fungal microflora was found in necrotic galls, composed of Gnomoniopsis castaneae, Botrytis cinerea, and Cryphonectria parasitica, confirming that galls induced by D. kuriphilus serve as a preferential entry point and inoculum reservoir for multiple pathogens. Regarding other vegetative organs, the presence of C. parasitica and, significantly, G. castaneae was confirmed in the branches, proving the endophytic phase of the latter, while G. castaneae was exclusively isolated from the rare symptomatic leaf samples found. Finally, the pathogen was detected in every section of the burr, reaching a frequency close to 100% in the petiole at some sites; this evidence demonstrates the fungus's ability to migrate toward the internal parts of the fruit through the vascular tissues of the husks. Finally, the results achieved will be useful for implementing targeted management strategies to limit spread and infection of the pathogen both in the pre-harvest phase and during storage.
Il castagno europeo (Castanea sativa Mill.) è un’importante componente degli ecosistemi forestali e una preziosa risorsa economica per le popolazioni montane grazie alla produzione di frutti, legname di pregio e biomassa combustibile. L’Italia si conferma tra i principali produttori mondiali di castagne e la regione Veneto, in particolare, è rinomata per l'eccellente produzione di marroni. Nel corso del XX secolo, la castanicoltura ha affrontato un declino generale dovuto a molteplici fattori soprattutto di natura biotica, tra cui il cancro corticale causato da Cryphonectria parasitica, il mal dell'inchiostro causato da Phytophthora spp. e le infestazioni del cinipide galligeno Dryocosmus kuriphilus. Dall'inizio del XXI secolo, tuttavia, è emersa nello scenario europeo una nuova minaccia: il marciume gessoso dei frutti, causato dal fungo ascomicete Gnomoniopsis castaneae. Questa malattia ha determinato ingenti perdite economiche in tutte le regioni italiane. In considerazione delle informazioni ancora limitate su questa malattia emergente in Veneto è stata svolta una indagine sulla presenza e la diffusione di questo patogeno nell’area dei Colli Trevigiani, zona di produzione del rinomato Marrone di Combai IGP. Nello specifico è stata valutata l’incidenza del patogeno nei frutti e monitorato lo stato fitosanitario generale dei castagneti nelle aree di studio. Parallelamente è stata condotta una indagine su diversi organi della pianta per valutare l'eventuale presenza endofitica di G. castaneae nei tessuti e attraverso un’analisi filogenetica basata sulle sequenze del gene codificante per la ß-tubulina monitorata la distribuzione dei due aplotipi del patogeno all'interno delle aree oggetto di studio. Per il confronto dei dati, è stato utilizzato un "sito sentinella" localizzato nei Colli Euganei (Padova), caratterizzato da una solida base di dati pregressi riguardanti la presenza di agenti fungini, tra cui la Gnomoniopsis castaneae. I risultati ottenuti dagli isolamenti in coltura pura hanno evidenziato che la fase di post-raccolta e stoccaggio rappresenta il momento più critico per la comparsa dei sintomi, come confermato dal drastico incremento dei frutti sintomatici registrato tra ottobre, epoca di raccolta, e dicembre, termine dei turni di analisi in laboratorio. Dall’endosperma delle castagne sono state isolate le specie G. castaneae, Penicillium spp. e Botryosphaeria dothidea. Nelle galle necrotiche è stata rinvenuta una variegata microflora fungina composta da Gnomoniopsis castaneae, Botrytis cinerea e Cryphonectria parasitica. Questo risultato sottolinea come le galle indotte da D. kuriphilus fungano da via d'ingresso e serbatoio di inoculo per molteplici patogeni. Per quanto riguarda gli altri organi vegetativi, nei rami è stata accertata la presenza sia di C. parasitica sia di G. castaneae, a conferma della capacità di questo fungo di colonizzare i tessuti in fase endofitica, mentre dalle foglie è stata isolata esclusivamente G. castaneae. Questo patogeno è stato riscontrato da tutte le sezioni del riccio, con una frequenza prossima al 100% nel picciolo. Questo aspetto rimarca la capacità di questo patogeno di migrare progressivamente verso i tessuti interni del frutto. Infine, i risultati ottenuti saranno utili per sviluppare nuove strategie di gestione mirate a limitare la diffusione e le infezioni di G. castaneae sia nella fase di pre-raccolta che durante la conservazione.
Il marciume gessoso delle castagne: eziologia e diffusione nei castagneti produttivi del Veneto
RENOSTO, IRENE
2025/2026
Abstract
European chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) represents a fundamental multipurpose resource, cultivated globally for fruit production, high-quality timber, and fuel biomass. Italy remains one of the world's leading chestnut producers, and the Veneto region, in particular, is renowned for its excellent production of high-quality chestnut. During the 20th century, chestnut cultivation faced a general decline due to multiple biotic stress factors, including chestnut blight (Cryphonectria parasitica), ink disease (Phytophthora spp.), and infestations of the Asian chestnut gall wasp (Dryocosmus kuriphilus). Since the beginning of the 21st century, however, a new emerging threat has appeared on the European scene: chestnut brown rot, caused by the ascomycete fungus Gnomoniopsis castaneae, which has led to significant economic losses for the sector. The present work aims to investigate the presence and distribution of this pathogen in the Treviso Hills area, the production zone of the renowned "Marrone di Combai IGP." The main objectives of the research were to determine the incidence of the pathogen in fruits and to monitor the general phytosanitary status of the chestnut groves in the study areas. Concurrently, the work focused on analysing various plant organs to identify the potential latent presence of G. castaneae in the tissues and on identifying, through ß-tubulin analysis, the dominant haplotypes within the sampled areas. For data comparison, a "sentinel site" located in the Euganei Hills (Padua) was utilized, characterized by a robust historical database regarding the presence of numerous fungal pathogens, including Gnomoniopsis. The results obtained highlighted that the post-harvest and storage phase represents the most critical moment for symptom appearance, as confirmed by the drastic increase in symptomatic fruits recorded between October (harvest time) and December (conclusion of laboratory analysis rounds). Within the chestnuts, the most frequently isolated fungal species were, in descending order: G. castaneae, Penicillium spp., and Botryosphaeria dothidea. Furthermore, a diverse fungal microflora was found in necrotic galls, composed of Gnomoniopsis castaneae, Botrytis cinerea, and Cryphonectria parasitica, confirming that galls induced by D. kuriphilus serve as a preferential entry point and inoculum reservoir for multiple pathogens. Regarding other vegetative organs, the presence of C. parasitica and, significantly, G. castaneae was confirmed in the branches, proving the endophytic phase of the latter, while G. castaneae was exclusively isolated from the rare symptomatic leaf samples found. Finally, the pathogen was detected in every section of the burr, reaching a frequency close to 100% in the petiole at some sites; this evidence demonstrates the fungus's ability to migrate toward the internal parts of the fruit through the vascular tissues of the husks. Finally, the results achieved will be useful for implementing targeted management strategies to limit spread and infection of the pathogen both in the pre-harvest phase and during storage.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/105237