Abstract The circular economy represents a central pillar of the European Union's sustainability strategy, as established by the Circular Economy Action Plan and the Eurostat monitoring framework. This master's thesis evaluates the level of development of the circular economy in the 27 EU Member States (excluding the United Kingdom post-Brexit) for the years 2016 and 2022, with the aim of analysing the evolution following the adoption of the 2015 circular economy package. In line with the reference study “Statistical Evaluation of the Level of Development of Circular Economy in European Union Member Countries”, the analysis employs 17 Eurostat indicators organised into four thematic areas: (I) Production and consumption, (II) Waste management, (III) Secondary raw materials, (IV) Competitiveness and innovation. All indicators are treated as stimulants, except those relating to waste generation (de-stimulants). Particular attention is devoted to the treatment of missing data (averaging 12.74% across the panel, with peaks exceeding 60% for certain indicators). Unlike the single imputation based on predefined geographic-economic clusters used in the reference study—which introduces risks of methodological circularity and variance underestimation—the present work adopts multiple imputation via Multiple Imputation by Chained Equations (MICE) with Predictive Mean Matching (van Buuren & Groothuis-Oudshoorn, 2011; Rubin, 1987), ensuring greater robustness and proper handling of imputation uncertainty. On the imputed datasets, min-max normalisation and non-compensatory aggregation (Mazziotta-Pareto index) are applied, followed by clustering analysis. The results highlight general progress between 2016 and 2022, particularly in the Waste management and Secondary raw materials areas, alongside persistent divides between North-Western European countries (leaders) and Eastern and Southern European states. The thesis updates the reference study with a significant methodological improvement, providing evidence useful for EU policies aimed at reducing gaps between Member States and accelerating the circular transition.
L’economia circolare costituisce un pilastro centrale della strategia di sostenibilità dell’Unione Europea, come sancito dal Circular Economy Action Plan e dal sistema di monitoraggio Eurostat. Il presente lavoro di tesi valuta il livello di sviluppo dell’economia circolare nei 27 Paesi membri dell’UE (escluso il Regno Unito post-Brexit) negli anni 2016 e 2022, con l’obiettivo di analizzare l’evoluzione successiva all’adozione del pacchetto sull’economia circolare del 2015. In coerenza con lo studio di riferimento “Statistical Evaluation of the Level of Development of Circular Economy in European Union Member Countries”, l’analisi impiega 17 indicatori Eurostat organizzati in quattro aree tematiche: (I) Produzione e consumo, (II) Gestione dei rifiuti, (III) Materiali secondari, (IV) Competitività e innovazione. Tutti gli indicatori sono trattati come stimolanti, eccetto quelli relativi alla generazione di rifiuti (destimolanti). Particolare attenzione è dedicata al trattamento dei dati mancanti (media del 12,74% sul panel, con picchi oltre il 60% per alcuni indicatori). A differenza dell’imputazione singola basata su cluster geografico-economici adottata nello studio di riferimento – che introduce rischi di circolarità e sottostima della varianza – qui si utilizza l’imputazione multipla mediante MICE con Predictive Mean Matching (van Buuren & Groothuis-Oudshoorn, 2011; Rubin, 1987), garantendo maggiore robustezza e corretto trattamento dell’incertezza. Sui dataset imputati sono applicate normalizzazione min-max e aggregazione non compensatoria (indice Mazziotta-Pareto), con successiva analisi di clustering. I risultati evidenziano un progresso generale tra 2016 e 2022, soprattutto nelle aree Gestione dei rifiuti e Materiali secondari, con persistenti divari tra Paesi del Nord-Ovest Europa (leader) e Stati dell’Europa orientale e meridionale. Il lavoro aggiorna lo studio di riferimento con un miglioramento metodologico significativo, fornendo evidenze utili per le politiche UE di riduzione dei gap tra Stati membri e accelerazione della transizione circolare.
Statistical Evaluation of the Level of Development of Circular Economy in European Union Member Countries
GAMBATO, ELENA
2025/2026
Abstract
Abstract The circular economy represents a central pillar of the European Union's sustainability strategy, as established by the Circular Economy Action Plan and the Eurostat monitoring framework. This master's thesis evaluates the level of development of the circular economy in the 27 EU Member States (excluding the United Kingdom post-Brexit) for the years 2016 and 2022, with the aim of analysing the evolution following the adoption of the 2015 circular economy package. In line with the reference study “Statistical Evaluation of the Level of Development of Circular Economy in European Union Member Countries”, the analysis employs 17 Eurostat indicators organised into four thematic areas: (I) Production and consumption, (II) Waste management, (III) Secondary raw materials, (IV) Competitiveness and innovation. All indicators are treated as stimulants, except those relating to waste generation (de-stimulants). Particular attention is devoted to the treatment of missing data (averaging 12.74% across the panel, with peaks exceeding 60% for certain indicators). Unlike the single imputation based on predefined geographic-economic clusters used in the reference study—which introduces risks of methodological circularity and variance underestimation—the present work adopts multiple imputation via Multiple Imputation by Chained Equations (MICE) with Predictive Mean Matching (van Buuren & Groothuis-Oudshoorn, 2011; Rubin, 1987), ensuring greater robustness and proper handling of imputation uncertainty. On the imputed datasets, min-max normalisation and non-compensatory aggregation (Mazziotta-Pareto index) are applied, followed by clustering analysis. The results highlight general progress between 2016 and 2022, particularly in the Waste management and Secondary raw materials areas, alongside persistent divides between North-Western European countries (leaders) and Eastern and Southern European states. The thesis updates the reference study with a significant methodological improvement, providing evidence useful for EU policies aimed at reducing gaps between Member States and accelerating the circular transition.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/105776