Bluetooth technology is widely used in a vast range of applications, including automotive systems, headphones, and biomedical devices. As an Ultra-Low-Power (ULP) technology, it leverages duty-cycled communications, where the radio is active only during TX/RX events and powered down otherwise. This power-saving strategy requires turning off all radio components, including the crystal oscillator (XO). However, due to the high quality factor (Q) of the crystal, XOs typically suffer from long start-up times, often reaching the millisecond range. In this thesis, a crystal oscillator based on a ’hybrid’ fast start-up technique is presented. This hybrid approach integrates two state-of-the-art methods across different phases of the start-up process: Adaptive Chirping, which initiates a gradual growth in motional current inside the crystal, followed by Self-Timed Energy Injection, which rapidly boosts the motional current to its steady-state level. This combination allows the Pierce oscillator to reach steady state as soon as the startup phase has ended. The proposed fast start-up XO is designed in a TSMC 22nm CMOS technology. Simulation results show promising performance, achieving a start-up time of 100µs with an estimated start-up energy of 88 nJ.
La tecnologia Bluetooth è ampiamente utilizzata in una vasta gamma di applicazioni, dai sistemi automotive e cuffie ai dispositivi biomedicali. In quanto tecnologia a bassissimo consumo (Ultra-Low-Power), essa sfrutta comunicazioni a ciclo di lavoro intermittente (duty-cycled), in cui la radio è attiva solo durante gli eventi di trasmissione e ricezione (TX/RX) e spenta negli altri momenti. Questa strategia di risparmio energetico richiede lo spegnimento di tutti i componenti radio, incluso loscillatore a cristallo (XO). Tuttavia, a causa dell’elevato fattore di qualità (Q) del cristallo, gli XO soffrono tipicamente di lunghi tempi di start-up, che raggiungono spesso l’ordine dei millisecondi. In questa tesi viene presentato un oscillatore a cristallo basato su una tecnica di start-up rapido di tipo ’ibrido’. Questo approccio integra due metodi allo stato dell’arte in diverse fasi del processo di start-up: l’Adaptive Chirping, che avvia una crescita graduale della corrente mozionale, seguito dal Self-Timed Energy Injection, che spinge rapidamente la corrente al suo valore di regime. Questa combinazione permette all’oscillatore Pierce di raggiungere lo stato stazionario non appena la fase di start-up si è conclusa. L’XO a start-up rapido proposto è progettato in tecnologia TSMC CMOS 22nm. I risultati delle simulazioni mostrano risultati promettenti, raggiungendo un tempo di start-up di 100µs con un’energia di start-up stimata di 88 nJ.
Analysis and Design of a Crystal Oscillator Using Hybrid Fast Start-Up Technique in 22nm CMOS
MUSSAP, MICHELE
2025/2026
Abstract
Bluetooth technology is widely used in a vast range of applications, including automotive systems, headphones, and biomedical devices. As an Ultra-Low-Power (ULP) technology, it leverages duty-cycled communications, where the radio is active only during TX/RX events and powered down otherwise. This power-saving strategy requires turning off all radio components, including the crystal oscillator (XO). However, due to the high quality factor (Q) of the crystal, XOs typically suffer from long start-up times, often reaching the millisecond range. In this thesis, a crystal oscillator based on a ’hybrid’ fast start-up technique is presented. This hybrid approach integrates two state-of-the-art methods across different phases of the start-up process: Adaptive Chirping, which initiates a gradual growth in motional current inside the crystal, followed by Self-Timed Energy Injection, which rapidly boosts the motional current to its steady-state level. This combination allows the Pierce oscillator to reach steady state as soon as the startup phase has ended. The proposed fast start-up XO is designed in a TSMC 22nm CMOS technology. Simulation results show promising performance, achieving a start-up time of 100µs with an estimated start-up energy of 88 nJ.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/106493