The growing spread of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) represents one of the main environmental and public health concerns worldwide, due to their high persistence, mobility in ecosystems, and bioaccumulation capacity. The extensive industrial use of these compounds and their resistance to natural degradation processes have led to widespread contamination of water resources, with significant impacts on human health and ecosystems. In particular, the case of groundwater contamination in the Veneto Region, associated with industrial activities in the Trissino area, has highlighted the urgency of developing faster, more sensitive, and easily deployable monitoring systems compared to the traditional laboratory-based analytical techniques commonly used. In this context, this thesis aims to develop and characterize field-effect transistor (FET)-based sensors with a conductive channel made of Graphene Acetic Acid (GAA), evaluating their potential for PFAS detection applications in aqueous environments. After an overview of the environmental context and the toxicological effects associated with PFAS, the principles of operation of FETs for chemical and biological sensing are introduced, with particular attention to the ambipolar behavior typical of two-dimensional materials such as graphene, which is advantageous for high-sensitivity applications. The work describes the electronic properties of GAA and the device fabrication process, which involves material deposition using the dielectrophoresis technique in order to obtain a homogeneous and reproducible conductive channel. The fabricated sensors are subjected to direct current electrical characterization, accompanied by a modeling analysis based on the extraction of fundamental transistor parameters through nonlinear fitting methods. Hysteresis phenomena, device stability over time, and behavior under electrical stress are also investigated in order to evaluate operational reliability. Additional impedance spectroscopy measurements and tests with model biomolecules highlight the sensitivity of the GAA channel to surface interactions and changes in the electrochemical environment. Finally, exposure of the devices to solutions containing PFAS at increasing concentrations produces measurable variations in the electrical parameters of the FET, suggesting an interaction between the target molecules and the channel material. Although no immediate demonstration of selective PFAS detection emerges, the obtained results highlight the potential of GAA-based FET sensors as promising platforms which, through appropriate functionalization strategies and technological optimization, may contribute to the development of innovative systems for environmental monitoring of emerging contaminants. The research activity was carried out at the Biodevices laboratory of the Department of Information Engineering of the University of Padua, in collaboration with the Department of Chemical Sciences of the same university.
La crescente diffusione delle sostanze per- e polifluoroalchiliche (PFAS) rappresenta una delle principali criticit` a ambientali e sanitarie a livello globale, a causa della loro elevata persistenza, mobilit` a negli ecosistemi e capacit` a di bioaccumulo. L’ampio utilizzo industriale di questi composti e la loro resistenza ai processi naturali di degradazione hanno determinato una con taminazione diffusa delle risorse idriche, con impatti significativi sulla salute umana e sugli ecosistemi. In particolare, il caso di contaminazione delle acque sotterranee nella Regione Veneto, associato alle attivit` a industriali dell’area di Trissino, ha evidenziato l’urgenza di svi luppare sistemi di monitoraggio pi`u rapidi, sensibili e facilmente implementabili rispetto alle tecniche analitiche di laboratorio tradizionalmente impiegate. In questo contesto, la presente tesi si propone di sviluppare e caratterizzare sensori basati su transistor ad effetto di campo (FET) con canale conduttivo in Grafene Aceto Acido (GAA), valutandone il potenziale per applicazioni di rilevazione dei PFAS in ambiente acquoso. Dopo una panoramica sul contesto ambientale e sugli effetti tossicologici associati ai PFAS, vengono introdotti i principi di funzionamento dei FET per il sensing chimico e biologico, con particolare attenzione al comportamento ambipolare tipico dei materiali bidimensionali come il grafene, che risulta vantaggioso per applicazioni ad alta sensibilit` a. Il lavoro descrive le propriet` a elettroniche del GAA e il processo di fabbricazione dei dispositivi, che prevede la deposizione del materiale mediante tecnica di dielettroforesi al fine di ottenere un canale conduttivo omogeneo e riproducibile. I sensori realizzati vengono sottoposti a una caratterizzazione elettrica in corrente continua, accompagnata da un’analisi modellistica basata sull’estrapolazione dei parametri fondamentali del transistor tramite metodi di fitting non lineare. Vengono inoltre investigati i fenomeni di isteresi, la stabilit` a dei dispositivi nel tempo e il loro comportamento sotto stress elettrico, al fine di valutarne l’affidabilit` a operativa. Ulteriori misure di spettroscopia di impedenza e test con biomolecole modello consentono di evidenziare la sensibilit` a del canale in GAA alle interazioni superficiali e alle variazioni dell’ambiente elettrochimico. Infine, l’esposizione dei dispositivi a soluzioni contenenti PFAS a concentrazioni crescenti produce variazioni misurabili dei parametri elettrici caratteristici del FET, suggerendo un’interazione tra le molecole target e il materiale del canale. Sebbene i non emerga una dimostrazione immediata di rilevazione selettiva dei PFAS, i risultati ottenuti evidenziano il potenziale dei sensori FET basati su GAA come piattaforme promettenti che, attraverso opportune strategie di funzionalizzazione e ottimizzazione tecnologica, potranno contribuire allo sviluppo di sistemi innovativi per il monitoraggio ambientale di contaminanti emergenti. L’attivit` a di ricerca ` e stata svolta presso il laboratorio di Biodevices del Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Informazione dell’Universit` a degli Studi di Padova, in collaborazione con il Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche dello stesso Ateneo.
Sviluppo e caratterizzazione elettrica di sensori FET con canale in grafene aceto acido per la rilevazione di PFAS
MILAN, GAIA
2025/2026
Abstract
The growing spread of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) represents one of the main environmental and public health concerns worldwide, due to their high persistence, mobility in ecosystems, and bioaccumulation capacity. The extensive industrial use of these compounds and their resistance to natural degradation processes have led to widespread contamination of water resources, with significant impacts on human health and ecosystems. In particular, the case of groundwater contamination in the Veneto Region, associated with industrial activities in the Trissino area, has highlighted the urgency of developing faster, more sensitive, and easily deployable monitoring systems compared to the traditional laboratory-based analytical techniques commonly used. In this context, this thesis aims to develop and characterize field-effect transistor (FET)-based sensors with a conductive channel made of Graphene Acetic Acid (GAA), evaluating their potential for PFAS detection applications in aqueous environments. After an overview of the environmental context and the toxicological effects associated with PFAS, the principles of operation of FETs for chemical and biological sensing are introduced, with particular attention to the ambipolar behavior typical of two-dimensional materials such as graphene, which is advantageous for high-sensitivity applications. The work describes the electronic properties of GAA and the device fabrication process, which involves material deposition using the dielectrophoresis technique in order to obtain a homogeneous and reproducible conductive channel. The fabricated sensors are subjected to direct current electrical characterization, accompanied by a modeling analysis based on the extraction of fundamental transistor parameters through nonlinear fitting methods. Hysteresis phenomena, device stability over time, and behavior under electrical stress are also investigated in order to evaluate operational reliability. Additional impedance spectroscopy measurements and tests with model biomolecules highlight the sensitivity of the GAA channel to surface interactions and changes in the electrochemical environment. Finally, exposure of the devices to solutions containing PFAS at increasing concentrations produces measurable variations in the electrical parameters of the FET, suggesting an interaction between the target molecules and the channel material. Although no immediate demonstration of selective PFAS detection emerges, the obtained results highlight the potential of GAA-based FET sensors as promising platforms which, through appropriate functionalization strategies and technological optimization, may contribute to the development of innovative systems for environmental monitoring of emerging contaminants. The research activity was carried out at the Biodevices laboratory of the Department of Information Engineering of the University of Padua, in collaboration with the Department of Chemical Sciences of the same university.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/106599