This thesis offers a comparative investigation of the heroic archetype, as articulated in medieval French epic and Arabic-language narrative, with particular attention to two late medieval genres: the chanson de geste and the sira. These traditions are examined within their respective historical, formal, and cultural frameworks. The comparison does not imply a direct line of influence, but it adopts a typological and comparative methodology, aimed at identifying structural convergences and meaningful divergences in the literary construction of the warrior figure. Adopting a myth-oriented perspective, the hero is approached as a recurring anthropological type across the cultural production of different societies. In this sense, the study introduces the notion of an archaic memory, as a device for accounting for the endurance of specific symbolic patterns within the Western epic tradition. Within this framework, the warrior hero emerges as a paradigmatic emblem, whose social function extends beyond the strictly military sphere and is situated within a shared semiotic and value-based order. Although the Arabic-speaking tradition does not articulate a concept of “epic” comparable to that of Western literary traditions, the presence of a highly structured heroic idiom in the sira allows for the identification of comparable types of exemplary representation, embodied in the idealized preeminence of the valiant knight. At this stage of analysis, the hero is considered primarily in a universal and secular dimension, as the bearer of values such as courage, honor, martial superiority, and communal loyalty. The heroic prototype is then recontextualized within specific historical and social settings: on the one hand, the feudal world of Christian Europe—particularly Carolingian France—and on the other hand, pre-Islamic Arabia, characterized by tribal organization and the central role of Bedouin memory. This shift highlights how the hero, while preserving recurring structural features, evolves from an atemporal mythical construct into a historically situated model, shaped by political, social, and ideological needs. It's at this point that the religious dimension becomes fundamental: not as an original component of the archetype, but as a force of symbolic reconfiguration, following the integration of Christian and Islamic narratives into an otherwise secular chivalric ideology. In both the chanson de geste and the sira, the hero gradually acquires a sacralized function: warfare is no longer merely a manifestation of individual prowess or communal allegiance, but it is reframed as an activity embedded within a transcendent horizon and legitimized by reference to a superior divine will. The comparative approach reveals that, despite divergent cultural and religious foundations, the warrior figures share similar functions in both traditions, serving as an instrument of confessional cohesion, moral transmission, and apologetic reinterpretation of warfare (particularly in the rhetorical structures surrounding the late medieval ideology of Holy War). The opposition between champions of God and religious alterity, the narrative relativization of Good and Evil, and the influence of theological exegesis and religious literature shaped the literary representation of warrior heroes, producing a recurring logic of ennoblement and legitimation of military action. In this perspective, the resemanticization of the knight under the influence of Christian and Islamic doctrine enables a new conceptualization of the perception of Frankish–Saracen conflict in chanson de geste studies, moving beyond a Eurocentric conception and foregrounding the rhetorical symmetries that shape the literary construction of Christian and Muslim paladins across both genres.
La presente tesi propone uno studio comparato dell’archetipo eroico, così come esso viene elaborato nell’ambito dell’epica romanza e della letteratura arabofona medievale, in particolare in due generi del Basso Medioevo, la chanson de geste e la sira, considerati nelle loro specificità storiche, formali e culturali. Il confronto non presuppone l’esistenza di rapporti d’influenza diretta tra le due tradizioni, ma si fonda su un approccio tipologico e comparatistico, volto a individuare convergenze strutturali e divergenze significative nella costruzione della figura del guerriero. Muovendo da una prospettiva mitica dell’eroe, inteso come tipo umano ricorrente e antropologicamente radicato nella produzione culturale di società differenti, il lavoro richiama a una memoria arcaica, assunta come strumento euristico, utile a comprendere la persistenza di determinati modelli simbolici nella tradizione epica occidentale. In tale quadro, l’eroe guerriero emerge come emblema paradigmatico, investito di una funzione sociale che eccede la dimensione puramente militare e si colloca all’interno di un ordine semiotico e valoriale condiviso. Laddove nella tradizione araba non esista la nozione di “epica” in senso occidentale, la presenza di un linguaggio eroico strutturato, riconoscibile nella sira, consente tuttavia di individuare modalità analoghe di rappresentazione di modelli esemplari, incarnati nella superiorità ideale del cavaliere. In questa fase dell’analisi, l’eroe viene colto nella sua dimensione universale e prevalentemente laica, come portatore di valori quali il coraggio, l’onore, la supremazia marziale e la lealtà collegiale. Successivamente, il prototipo eroico viene inserito in un preciso contesto storico e sociale: da un lato il Medioevo feudale dell’Occidente cristiano, in particolare la Francia carolingia; dall’altro l’Arabia preislamica, con le sue strutture tribali e la centralità della memoria beduina. Questo passaggio consente di osservare come l’eroe, pur mantenendo tratti organici costanti, si trasformi da figura mitica atemporale in esemplare storicamente situato, adattandosi alle esigenze politiche, sociali e strumentali dei rispettivi contesti. È in siffatta fase che si coglie l’incidenza della dimensione religiosa, non come elemento originario dell’archetipo, ma come fattore di rielaborazione simbolica, conseguente all’introduzione delle narrazioni di matrice cristiana e islamica nel tessuto laico dell’ideologia cavalleresca. Tanto nella chanson de geste, quanto nella sira, l’eroe viene progressivamente investito di una funzione sacralizzata: il combattimento non è più soltanto espressione di valore individuale o di fedeltà comunitaria, ma diviene azione militare inscritta nell'orizzonte trascendente, giustificata e valorizzata in nome di un ordine divino superiore. Il confronto tra le due tradizioni mette così in luce come, pur partendo da presupposti culturali e religiosi differenti, l’esemplare guerriero risponda, in entrambi i casi, a esigenze di coesione confessionale, trasmissione di principi morali condivisi e rivisitazione apologetica della guerra (particolarmente evidente nell'apparato retorico attorno i conflitti di fede tardo medievali). La dicotomia tra paladini di Dio e alterità religiosa, la concezione funzionale di Bene e Male, l’influenza delle esegesi teologiche e della letteratura religiosa nelle opere eroiche, proiettarono nella finzione letteraria uno schema ricorrente di nobilitazione e legittimazione dell’attività militare. La riflessione sulle forme di risemantizzazione del cavaliere sotto l’influenza della dottrina cristiana e islamica apre a una rilettura del conflitto tra Franchi e Saraceni nella chanson de geste, superando i limiti di un’interpretazione eurocentrica e mettendo in luce le simmetrie retoriche nella costruzione letteraria dei paladini cristiani e musulmani all’interno dei due generi.
Roland e ʿAntara: per uno studio comparato dell’archetipo eroico nella chanson de geste e nella sira
SPOLADORI, GIOVANNI
2025/2026
Abstract
This thesis offers a comparative investigation of the heroic archetype, as articulated in medieval French epic and Arabic-language narrative, with particular attention to two late medieval genres: the chanson de geste and the sira. These traditions are examined within their respective historical, formal, and cultural frameworks. The comparison does not imply a direct line of influence, but it adopts a typological and comparative methodology, aimed at identifying structural convergences and meaningful divergences in the literary construction of the warrior figure. Adopting a myth-oriented perspective, the hero is approached as a recurring anthropological type across the cultural production of different societies. In this sense, the study introduces the notion of an archaic memory, as a device for accounting for the endurance of specific symbolic patterns within the Western epic tradition. Within this framework, the warrior hero emerges as a paradigmatic emblem, whose social function extends beyond the strictly military sphere and is situated within a shared semiotic and value-based order. Although the Arabic-speaking tradition does not articulate a concept of “epic” comparable to that of Western literary traditions, the presence of a highly structured heroic idiom in the sira allows for the identification of comparable types of exemplary representation, embodied in the idealized preeminence of the valiant knight. At this stage of analysis, the hero is considered primarily in a universal and secular dimension, as the bearer of values such as courage, honor, martial superiority, and communal loyalty. The heroic prototype is then recontextualized within specific historical and social settings: on the one hand, the feudal world of Christian Europe—particularly Carolingian France—and on the other hand, pre-Islamic Arabia, characterized by tribal organization and the central role of Bedouin memory. This shift highlights how the hero, while preserving recurring structural features, evolves from an atemporal mythical construct into a historically situated model, shaped by political, social, and ideological needs. It's at this point that the religious dimension becomes fundamental: not as an original component of the archetype, but as a force of symbolic reconfiguration, following the integration of Christian and Islamic narratives into an otherwise secular chivalric ideology. In both the chanson de geste and the sira, the hero gradually acquires a sacralized function: warfare is no longer merely a manifestation of individual prowess or communal allegiance, but it is reframed as an activity embedded within a transcendent horizon and legitimized by reference to a superior divine will. The comparative approach reveals that, despite divergent cultural and religious foundations, the warrior figures share similar functions in both traditions, serving as an instrument of confessional cohesion, moral transmission, and apologetic reinterpretation of warfare (particularly in the rhetorical structures surrounding the late medieval ideology of Holy War). The opposition between champions of God and religious alterity, the narrative relativization of Good and Evil, and the influence of theological exegesis and religious literature shaped the literary representation of warrior heroes, producing a recurring logic of ennoblement and legitimation of military action. In this perspective, the resemanticization of the knight under the influence of Christian and Islamic doctrine enables a new conceptualization of the perception of Frankish–Saracen conflict in chanson de geste studies, moving beyond a Eurocentric conception and foregrounding the rhetorical symmetries that shape the literary construction of Christian and Muslim paladins across both genres.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/107051