This Master’s thesis originates from the need to develop an Attitude Determination and Control System (ADCS) for the AlbaSat mission. The developed model is intended to support numerical simulations aimed at demonstrating that the ADCS module provided by CubeSpace is capable of meeting the mission requirements. The primary requirement, at this stage, is to ensure that the attitude error remains below 20° during nadir-pointing operations. In addition, a new attitude mode has been developed, consisting of a ground station tracking strategy. In this mode, the payload (mounted on the nadir-facing panel) is actively oriented toward the ground station during visibility periods, i.e., when the satellite is within the station’s line of sight. When the satellite is no longer visible, the system transitions back to the nominal nadir-pointing configuration. The results demonstrate that the adoption of this tracking mode leads to a reduction in the angle between the satellite axis and the ground station direction, thereby improving the overall communication efficiency between the satellite and the ground segment. The attitude control system is composed of one reaction wheel and a magnetic control system, which includes two magnetometers and one coil; these actuators will enable three-axis attitude stabilization and control. The actuators generate the control torques acting on the system dynamics, which are then used to drive the spacecraft toward the desired quaternion and angular velocity states. The attitude determination system relies on two Fine Sun Sensors (FSS), six Coarse Sun Sensors (CSS), one deployable magnetometer, one compact magnetometer, two Micro Electro Mechanical System (MEMS) gyroscopes, and a GPS signal reception and transmission kit. The measurements provided by these sensors are used as inputs to the TRIAD algorithm, which enables the estimation of the attitude quaternion, while the angular velocities are obtained directly from the gyroscope measurements. Once both the desired and estimated states have been obtained, they are compared to compute the corresponding error signals. These errors are then processed by the LQR controller, which generates the control torques to be sent back to the actuators, thereby closing the feedback loop and enabling continuous regulation of the system. The results of this work highlight the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed ADCS architecture which allows achieving an attitude error of approximately 5° during nadir-pointing operations, providing a valuable reference for future work on the Alba CubeSat mission. Moreover, the ground station tracking mode allows for a reduced off-boresight angle compared to the nadir-pointing configuration, resulting in an improvement in the communication efficiency between the satellite and the ground station.
Questa tesi magistrale nasce dall’esigenza di sviluppare un sistema di determinazione e controllo dell’assetto (ADCS) per la missione AlbaSat. Il modello sviluppato è finalizzato a supportare simulazioni numeriche volte a dimostrare che il modulo ADCS fornito da CubeSpace è in grado di soddisfare i requisiti di missione. Il requisito principale, in questa fase, è garantire che l’errore di assetto rimanga inferiore a 20° durante le operazioni di puntamento nadir. Successivamente, è stata sviluppata una nuova modalità di assetto, basata su una strategia di tracciamento della stazione di terra. In questa modalità, il payload (montato sul pannello rivolto verso nadir) viene orientato attivamente verso la stazione di terra durante i periodi di visibilità, ossia quando il satellite si trova all’interno della linea di vista della stazione. Quando il satellite non è più visibile, il sistema ritorna alla configurazione nominale di puntamento nadir. I risultati dimostrano che l’adozione di questa modalità di tracciamento comporta una riduzione dell’angolo tra l’asse del satellite e la direzione della stazione di terra, migliorando così l’efficienza complessiva delle comunicazioni tra il satellite e il segmento di terra. Il sistema di controllo dell’assetto è composto da una ruota di reazione e da un sistema di controllo magnetico, che include due magnetometri e una bobina; tali attuatori consentono la stabilizzazione e il controllo dell’assetto sui tre assi. Gli attuatori generano le coppie di controllo che agiscono sulla dinamica del sistema e che vengono utilizzate per guidare il veicolo spaziale verso gli stati desiderati di quaternione e velocità angolare. Il sistema di determinazione dell’assetto si basa su due sensori solari di precisione (Fine Sun Sensors, FSS), sei sensori solari grossolani (Coarse Sun Sensors, CSS), un magnetometro dispiegabile, un magnetometro compatto, due giroscopi Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) e un kit di ricezione e trasmissione del segnale GPS. Le misure fornite da questi sensori sono utilizzate come input per l’algoritmo TRIAD, il quale consente la stima del quaternione di assetto, mentre le velocità angolari sono ottenute direttamente dalle misure dei giroscopi. Una volta ottenuti sia gli stati desiderati sia quelli stimati, essi vengono confrontati per calcolare i corrispondenti segnali di errore. Tali errori vengono quindi elaborati dal controllore LQR, che genera le coppie di controllo da inviare agli attuatori, chiudendo così il ciclo di retroazione e consentendo la regolazione continua del sistema. I risultati di questo lavoro evidenziano la fattibilità e l’efficacia dell’architettura ADCS proposta, la quale permette di ottenere un errore di assetto di circa 5° durante le operazioni di puntamento nadir, fornendo un valido riferimento per sviluppi futuri della missione CubeSat Alba. In aggiunta, la modalità di tracciamento della stazione di terra consente di ridurre l’angolo fuori asse (off-boresight) rispetto alla configurazione di puntamento nadir, con conseguente miglioramento dell’efficienza delle comunicazioni tra il satellite e la stazione di terra.
Modeling and simulation of Alba CubeSat ADCS with ground station tracking
ARGENTI, EDOARDO
2025/2026
Abstract
This Master’s thesis originates from the need to develop an Attitude Determination and Control System (ADCS) for the AlbaSat mission. The developed model is intended to support numerical simulations aimed at demonstrating that the ADCS module provided by CubeSpace is capable of meeting the mission requirements. The primary requirement, at this stage, is to ensure that the attitude error remains below 20° during nadir-pointing operations. In addition, a new attitude mode has been developed, consisting of a ground station tracking strategy. In this mode, the payload (mounted on the nadir-facing panel) is actively oriented toward the ground station during visibility periods, i.e., when the satellite is within the station’s line of sight. When the satellite is no longer visible, the system transitions back to the nominal nadir-pointing configuration. The results demonstrate that the adoption of this tracking mode leads to a reduction in the angle between the satellite axis and the ground station direction, thereby improving the overall communication efficiency between the satellite and the ground segment. The attitude control system is composed of one reaction wheel and a magnetic control system, which includes two magnetometers and one coil; these actuators will enable three-axis attitude stabilization and control. The actuators generate the control torques acting on the system dynamics, which are then used to drive the spacecraft toward the desired quaternion and angular velocity states. The attitude determination system relies on two Fine Sun Sensors (FSS), six Coarse Sun Sensors (CSS), one deployable magnetometer, one compact magnetometer, two Micro Electro Mechanical System (MEMS) gyroscopes, and a GPS signal reception and transmission kit. The measurements provided by these sensors are used as inputs to the TRIAD algorithm, which enables the estimation of the attitude quaternion, while the angular velocities are obtained directly from the gyroscope measurements. Once both the desired and estimated states have been obtained, they are compared to compute the corresponding error signals. These errors are then processed by the LQR controller, which generates the control torques to be sent back to the actuators, thereby closing the feedback loop and enabling continuous regulation of the system. The results of this work highlight the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed ADCS architecture which allows achieving an attitude error of approximately 5° during nadir-pointing operations, providing a valuable reference for future work on the Alba CubeSat mission. Moreover, the ground station tracking mode allows for a reduced off-boresight angle compared to the nadir-pointing configuration, resulting in an improvement in the communication efficiency between the satellite and the ground station.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/107126