Metamaterials have recently gained significant attention in biomedical applications for their ability to combine lightweight design with tunable mechanical and biological properties. This study investigates the use of architected metamaterials, including re-entrant auxetic and gyroid topologies, as a strategy to improve the biomechanical performance of Ti-6Al-4V femoral stem implants. The objective is to reduce stiffness mismatch with bone, mitigate stress shielding, and promote a strain environment favorable to physiological bone remodeling while maintaining structural safety under physiological loading. Based on evidence from the literature, porosity levels of 60% and 70% were initially investigated to achieve a suitable balance between stiffness reduction and structural integrity while preserving sufficient surface area for bone ingrowth. An initial mechanical characterization of the lattice topologies showed substantial stiffness reductions, ranging from approximately 78% to 95% compared with bulk Ti-6Al-4V. The selected architectures were later integrated into a patient-specific femoral stem model reconstructed from CT data. Structural analyses of the isolated implants revealed a mass reduction of up to nearly 30% and a compliance increase to a maximum of 261%, indicating a significant decrease in implant stiffness. Finite element simulations of the femur–implant assembly under walking loads proved that lattice integration promotes improved load transfer to the surrounding bone. Two distinct design strategies were identified: local stiffness modulation, achieved through lateral auxetic lattices, which primarily redistributes stresses in the tensile region of the femur, and global stiffness modulation, obtained with fully porous or hybrid architectures, which produces a broader redistribution of stresses throughout the proximal femur. Among the investigated configurations, the gyroid architecture achieved the largest mitigation of tensile stress shielding, while the hybrid H2DG design provided the most balanced performance by combining substantial stress redistribution with improved structural safety. In all cases, implant stress remained well below the Ti-6Al-4V yield strength, confirming adequate mechanical reliability.
I metamateriali hanno recentemente attirato un crescente interesse nelle applicazioni biomedicali grazie alla loro capacità di combinare leggerezza e proprietà meccaniche e biologiche modulabili. Questo studio analizza l’impiego di metamateriali a geometria architettata, in particolare topologie auxetiche re-entrant e gyroid, come strategia per migliorare le prestazioni biomeccaniche di steli femorali in Ti-6Al-4V. L’obiettivo è ridurre la differenza di rigidezza con l’osso, mitigare il fenomeno dello stress shielding e promuovere uno stato deformativo favorevole al rimodellamento fisiologico dell’osso, garantendo al contempo la sicurezza strutturale sotto carichi fisiologici. Sulla base delle evidenze presenti in letteratura, sono stati inizialmente considerati livelli di porosità del 60% e 70% al fine di ottenere un adeguato compromesso tra riduzione della rigidezza e integrità strutturale, mantenendo al contempo una superficie sufficiente per l’osteointegrazione. Una caratterizzazione meccanica preliminare delle topologie reticolari ha evidenziato una significativa riduzione della rigidezza, compresa tra circa il 78% e il 95% rispetto al Ti-6Al-4V pieno. Le architetture selezionate sono state successivamente integrate in un modello di stelo femorale patient-specific ricostruito a partire da dati CT. Le analisi strutturali degli impianti isolati hanno mostrato una riduzione della massa fino a circa il 30% e un incremento della compliance fino al 261%, indicando una sostanziale diminuzione della rigidezza dell’impianto. Le simulazioni agli elementi finiti del sistema femore–impianto, condotte sotto condizioni di carico rappresentative della deambulazione, hanno evidenziato che l’integrazione di strutture reticolari favorisce un miglior trasferimento di carico all’osso circostante. Sono state individuate due strategie progettuali distinte: una modulazione locale della rigidezza, ottenuta mediante strutture auxetiche laterali, che comporta una redistribuzione dello stress principalmente nella regione in trazione del femore, e una modulazione globale, ottenuta tramite architetture completamente porose o ibride, che determina una redistribuzione più estesa dello stress nel femore prossimale. Tra le configurazioni analizzate, la struttura gyroid ha mostrato la maggiore riduzione dello stress shielding in trazione, mentre la configurazione ibrida H2DG ha evidenziato le prestazioni più bilanciate, combinando una significativa redistribuzione degli sforzi con una maggiore sicurezza strutturale. In tutti i casi, le tensioni all’interno dell’impianto sono risultate ampiamente inferiori al limite di snervamento del Ti-6Al-4V, confermando l’adeguata affidabilità meccanica delle soluzioni proposte.
Structural Design and Finite Element Analysis of Metamaterial-Based Femoral Stem Implants
ORSI, GIULIA
2025/2026
Abstract
Metamaterials have recently gained significant attention in biomedical applications for their ability to combine lightweight design with tunable mechanical and biological properties. This study investigates the use of architected metamaterials, including re-entrant auxetic and gyroid topologies, as a strategy to improve the biomechanical performance of Ti-6Al-4V femoral stem implants. The objective is to reduce stiffness mismatch with bone, mitigate stress shielding, and promote a strain environment favorable to physiological bone remodeling while maintaining structural safety under physiological loading. Based on evidence from the literature, porosity levels of 60% and 70% were initially investigated to achieve a suitable balance between stiffness reduction and structural integrity while preserving sufficient surface area for bone ingrowth. An initial mechanical characterization of the lattice topologies showed substantial stiffness reductions, ranging from approximately 78% to 95% compared with bulk Ti-6Al-4V. The selected architectures were later integrated into a patient-specific femoral stem model reconstructed from CT data. Structural analyses of the isolated implants revealed a mass reduction of up to nearly 30% and a compliance increase to a maximum of 261%, indicating a significant decrease in implant stiffness. Finite element simulations of the femur–implant assembly under walking loads proved that lattice integration promotes improved load transfer to the surrounding bone. Two distinct design strategies were identified: local stiffness modulation, achieved through lateral auxetic lattices, which primarily redistributes stresses in the tensile region of the femur, and global stiffness modulation, obtained with fully porous or hybrid architectures, which produces a broader redistribution of stresses throughout the proximal femur. Among the investigated configurations, the gyroid architecture achieved the largest mitigation of tensile stress shielding, while the hybrid H2DG design provided the most balanced performance by combining substantial stress redistribution with improved structural safety. In all cases, implant stress remained well below the Ti-6Al-4V yield strength, confirming adequate mechanical reliability.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/107337