Free fatty acids (FFAs) play an important role in the regulation of human metabolism. Under fasting conditions, FFAs become the major oxidative fuel of the organism, except for the brain, which relies on glucose, most of which is derived from the FFA-stimulated gluconeogenesis (GNG). In pathological conditions, such as type 2 diabetes (T2D), chronically elevated plasma FFAs are associated with insulin resistance and reduced glucose effectiveness. Furthermore, in T2D, elevated plasma FFAs inhibit the insulin-induced reduction of adipose tissue lipolysis that normally happens postprandially, thus maintaining plasma FFAs elevated: FFAs increase GNG, and thus endogenous glucose production (EGP), resulting in hyperglycemia. Given the relevance of plasma FFAs, mathematical modeling of their influence on postprandial EGP may provide insight into the magnitude and time course of their effect, across both different populations (e.g. healthy and diabetic) and different times of the day. However, to the best of our knowledge, such model is absent in the literature. Therefore, the aim of this thesis is to develop a model to describe the effect of plasma FFA on postprandial EGP, both in healthy subjects and in those with T2D. For model identification, data from a previous study, in which a triple-tracer meal experiment was performed in 38 individuals (19 Healthy/ 19 with T2D) during three occasions (breakfast, lunch and dinner), were used. Starting from a literature EGP model, many attempts were made to integrate plasma FFA contribution to EGP. The newly proposed models were evaluated in terms of data fit, precision of the parameter estimates and physiological plausibility. The best model assumes that postprandial EGP is a function of over-basal plasma glucose concentration, modulated by the parameter kG, representing glucose effectiveness; glucose rate of change, representing the action of portal insulin, modulated by the parameter kGR; and delayed (XFFA) plasma FFA, whose delay and magnitude are modulated by parameters aF and kF, respectively. Finally, this model was used to assess whether the effects of group (healthy or T2D), meal (breakfast, lunch, and dinner), or their interaction, had a significant effect on model parameters. Particularly, kG was not significantly different across groups and meals, despite a lower value was observed in the T2D group with respect to the H group (0.008 [0.005-0.010] mg/kg/min in T2D vs 0.009 [0.006-0.012] mg/kg/min in H), consistently with literature knowledge; kGR was greater in B than in D in the T2D group (0.325 [0.210-0.458] dL/kg in B vs 0.194 [0.077-0.318] dL/kg in D, p<0.05); kF was greater in T2D than in H (0.007 [0.004-0.016] mg/kg/min⋅L/µmol in T2D vs 0.003 [0.002-0.005] mg/kg/min⋅L/µmol in H, p<0.05); and aF was greater in H than in T2D (0.011±0.004 min-1 in H vs 0.009±0.005 min-1 in T2D, p<0.05). No other significant differences were found across groups and meals. Overall, plasma FFA contribution appeared to be more delayed but also with a higher magnitude in the T2D group than in the H group, in concordance with the literature. Despite the selected model and its results will need further validation, particularly to verify whether the small sample size precluded assessing additional between groups (H and T2D) or between meals differences in some model parameters, the results show that it can effectively describe postprandial EGP and plasma FFA effect in different groups and meals.
Gli acidi grassi liberi (FFA) hanno un ruolo significativo nella regolazione del metabolismo umano. A digiuno, gli FFA sono il principale combustibile ossidativo per tutti gli organi, eccetto per il cervello, il cui metabolismo dipende esclusivamente dal glucosio. Questo, a digiuno, è prodotto in parte dalla gluconeogenesi (GNG), che, a sua volta è stimolata dagli FFA. In condizioni patologiche, come nel diabete di tipo 2 (T2D), livelli di FFA plasmatici cronicamente elevati sono associati ad insulino-resistenza e ridotta efficacia del glucosio (glucose effectiveness). Inoltre, nel T2D, gli elevati FFA inibiscono la riduzione della lipolisi del tessuto adiposo, insulino-dipendente, che si verifica in condizioni postprandiali, mantenendo i livelli di FFA elevati: questi aumentano la GNG, e quindi la produzione endogena di glucosio (EGP), causando iperglicemia. Data la rilevanza degli FFA, modellare matematicamente il loro effetto sull’EGP postprandiale può fornire importanti informazioni riguardanti la magnitudo e l’andamento temporale del loro effetto, sia in popolazioni diverse (ad esempio sani e diabetici), sia in diversi momenti della giornata. Tuttavia, ad oggi, un simile modello è assente in letteratura. Lo scopo di questa tesi è sviluppare un modello che descriva l’effetto degli FFA plasmatici sull’EGP postprandiale in soggetti sani e affetti da T2D. Per l’identificazione dei modelli sono stati usati dati provenienti da uno studio precedente, in cui è stato eseguito un esperimento con pasto a triplo tracciante in 38 soggetti (19 sani, 19 con T2D) e in tre occasioni (colazione, pranzo e cena). A partire da un modello EGP di letteratura, si è tentato in diversi modi di integrarvi il contributo degli FFA. Il miglior modello selezionato assume che l’EGP postprandiale sia una funzione della deviazione dalla concentrazione basale di glucosio plasmatico, modulata dal parametro kG, rappresentante la glucose effectiveness; del tasso di variazione del glucosio plasmatico, che rappresenta l’azione dell’insulina portale, modulata dal parametro kGR; e della concentrazione plasmatica di FFA ritardata (XFFA), con ritardo e magnitudo modulati dai parametri aF e kF, rispettivamente. Il modello è stato usato per verificare se il gruppo (sani o T2D), il pasto (colazione, pranzo o cena) o la loro interazione avessero degli effetti significativi sui suoi parametri. In particolare, kG non è risultato significativamente diverso tra gruppi e pasti, sebbene sia stato osservato un valore inferiore nel gruppo T2D rispetto al gruppo H (0.008 [0.005-0.010] mg/kg/min nel T2D; 0.009 [0.006-0.012] mg/kg/min in H), coerentemente con le conoscenze in letteratura; kGR è risultato maggiore in B (colazione) rispetto a D (cena) nel gruppo T2D (0.325 [0.210-0.458] dL/kg in B; 0.194 [0.077-0.318] dL/kg in D, p<0.05); kF è risultato maggiore nel T2D rispetto ad H (0.007 [0.004-0.016] mg/kg/min⋅L/µmol nel T2D; 0.003 [0.002-0.005] mg/kg/min⋅L/µmol in H, p<0.05); e aF è risultato maggiore in H rispetto al T2D (0.011±0.004 min⁻¹ in H; 0.009±0.005 min⁻¹ nel T2D, p<0.05). Non sono state riscontrate altre differenze significative tra gruppi e pasti. Complessivamente, il contributo degli FFA plasmatici è apparso essere caratterizzato da un ritardo e una magnitudo maggiori nel gruppo T2D rispetto al gruppo H, coerentemente con la letteratura. I risultati di questa tesi mostrano che il modello sviluppato può descrivere efficacemente l'EGP postprandiale e l'effetto degli FFA plasmatici in diversi gruppi e pasti. Ciononostante, il modello necessita di una più intensiva validazione, per verificare se le ridotte dimensioni del campione abbiano impedito o meno di trovare ulteriori differenze, sia tra i gruppi (H e T2D) sia tra i pasti, in alcuni parametri del modello.
Modeling the effect of FFA on endogenous glucose production in subjects with and without type 2 diabetes
BIASIN, FRANCESCO
2025/2026
Abstract
Free fatty acids (FFAs) play an important role in the regulation of human metabolism. Under fasting conditions, FFAs become the major oxidative fuel of the organism, except for the brain, which relies on glucose, most of which is derived from the FFA-stimulated gluconeogenesis (GNG). In pathological conditions, such as type 2 diabetes (T2D), chronically elevated plasma FFAs are associated with insulin resistance and reduced glucose effectiveness. Furthermore, in T2D, elevated plasma FFAs inhibit the insulin-induced reduction of adipose tissue lipolysis that normally happens postprandially, thus maintaining plasma FFAs elevated: FFAs increase GNG, and thus endogenous glucose production (EGP), resulting in hyperglycemia. Given the relevance of plasma FFAs, mathematical modeling of their influence on postprandial EGP may provide insight into the magnitude and time course of their effect, across both different populations (e.g. healthy and diabetic) and different times of the day. However, to the best of our knowledge, such model is absent in the literature. Therefore, the aim of this thesis is to develop a model to describe the effect of plasma FFA on postprandial EGP, both in healthy subjects and in those with T2D. For model identification, data from a previous study, in which a triple-tracer meal experiment was performed in 38 individuals (19 Healthy/ 19 with T2D) during three occasions (breakfast, lunch and dinner), were used. Starting from a literature EGP model, many attempts were made to integrate plasma FFA contribution to EGP. The newly proposed models were evaluated in terms of data fit, precision of the parameter estimates and physiological plausibility. The best model assumes that postprandial EGP is a function of over-basal plasma glucose concentration, modulated by the parameter kG, representing glucose effectiveness; glucose rate of change, representing the action of portal insulin, modulated by the parameter kGR; and delayed (XFFA) plasma FFA, whose delay and magnitude are modulated by parameters aF and kF, respectively. Finally, this model was used to assess whether the effects of group (healthy or T2D), meal (breakfast, lunch, and dinner), or their interaction, had a significant effect on model parameters. Particularly, kG was not significantly different across groups and meals, despite a lower value was observed in the T2D group with respect to the H group (0.008 [0.005-0.010] mg/kg/min in T2D vs 0.009 [0.006-0.012] mg/kg/min in H), consistently with literature knowledge; kGR was greater in B than in D in the T2D group (0.325 [0.210-0.458] dL/kg in B vs 0.194 [0.077-0.318] dL/kg in D, p<0.05); kF was greater in T2D than in H (0.007 [0.004-0.016] mg/kg/min⋅L/µmol in T2D vs 0.003 [0.002-0.005] mg/kg/min⋅L/µmol in H, p<0.05); and aF was greater in H than in T2D (0.011±0.004 min-1 in H vs 0.009±0.005 min-1 in T2D, p<0.05). No other significant differences were found across groups and meals. Overall, plasma FFA contribution appeared to be more delayed but also with a higher magnitude in the T2D group than in the H group, in concordance with the literature. Despite the selected model and its results will need further validation, particularly to verify whether the small sample size precluded assessing additional between groups (H and T2D) or between meals differences in some model parameters, the results show that it can effectively describe postprandial EGP and plasma FFA effect in different groups and meals.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Biasin_Francesco.pdf
accesso aperto
Dimensione
3.4 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
3.4 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
The text of this website © Università degli studi di Padova. Full Text are published under a non-exclusive license. Metadata are under a CC0 License
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/107656