This Master's thesis work focuses on the research of advanced biomaterials for bone regeneration, with particular attention to the fabrication and characterization of hydroxyapatite scaffolds realized through 3D Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) printing. The primary objective of the investigation is the systematic evaluation of the printability of ceramic-based composite materials, addressing the technological challenges related to the transformation of ceramic powders into functional and geometrically controlled three-dimensional structures. The research focuses on the analysis of two distinct binder-ceramic systems: the first based on a polymeric matrix of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) modified with polyethylene glycol-400 (PEG-400) to optimize its thermoplastic processability, and the second consisting of the use of the commercial binder K83 Embemould, specifically formulated for ceramic injection molding applications; for both systems, the ceramic phase consists of animal-derived hydroxyapatite, a bioceramic widely employed in the biomedical field for its bioactivity and for its chemical and structural similarity to the mineral phase of bone tissue. To determine the effective suitability of such formulations for the fused deposition extrusion process, the study adopts a methodological approach that is not limited to the production of the final scaffold, but provides for a crucial intermediate validation phase. Through the realization of pellets and single filaments obtained from the extruded material, it was possible to conduct an in-depth diagnostic analysis of the intrinsic properties of the mixtures. This strategy allows for the isolation of the material's behavior from the operational variables of the 3D printer, verifying in a preliminary way the cohesion of the binder, the homogeneity of the ceramic filler distribution, and the capacity of the filament to sustain the mechanical loading necessary for extrusion. These preventive tests are essential to define whether a powder, once mixed, possesses the minimum rheological requirements to be processed in the form of a continuous filament. Following the "green body" forming phase, the work dedicated extensive attention to the design and optimization of the debinding and sintering thermal treatments, critical steps in which the organic component is removed to leave space for a densified ceramic structure. The calibration of these thermal cycles is fundamental to prevent the onset of structural defects such as macroscopic cracking, geometric deformations, or collapses of the internal porosity, often caused by a too rapid degradation of the polymers. To monitor the evolution of the material during every stage of the process, a set of multidimensional characterization techniques was employed: thermal analyses (TGA and DSC) allowed for the mapping of the thermal degradation windows, X-ray diffractometry (XRD) guaranteed the control of the stability of the crystalline phase of the hydroxyapatite, while pycnometry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) provided essential data on the density and surface morphology of the scaffolds. In conclusion, the entire experimental apparatus aims to identify a direct correlation between the initial chemical composition, the extrusion parameters, and the post-sintering microstructural response. Through the use of elementary geometries such as filaments and pellets, the study intends to determine the printability limits of the investigated formulations, providing an analytical framework necessary to establish if such systems can effectively represent a viable solution for the production of bioactive scaffolds in the field of bone tissue engineering.
Il presente lavoro di tesi magistrale si concentra sulla ricerca di biomateriali avanzati per la rigenerazione ossea, con particolare attenzione alla fabbricazione e alla caratterizzazione di scaffold in idrossiapatite realizzati tramite stampa 3D Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM). L'obiettivo primario dell'indagine è la valutazione sistematica della stampabilità di materiali compositi a base ceramica, affrontando le sfide tecnologiche legate alla trasformazione di polveri ceramiche in strutture tridimensionali funzionali e geometricamente controllate. La ricerca si focalizza sull'analisi di due distinti sistemi legante-ceramica: il primo basato su una matrice polimerica di polivinil alcol (PVA) modificato con polietilenglicole-400 (PEG-400) per ottimizzarne la processabilità termoplastica, e il secondo costituito dall'impiego del binder commerciale K83 Embemould, specificamente formulato per applicazioni di stampaggio a iniezione ceramico; per entrambi i sistemi la fase ceramica è costituita da idrossiapatite di origine animale, una bioceramica ampiamente impiegata in ambito biomedicale per la sua bioattività e per la somiglianza chimica e strutturale con la fase minerale del tessuto osseo. Per determinare l'effettiva idoneità di tali formulazioni al processo di estrusione a deposizione fusa, lo studio adotta un approccio metodologico che non si limita alla produzione dello scaffold finale, ma prevede una fase cruciale di validazione intermedia. Attraverso la realizzazione di pastiglie e di singoli filamenti ottenuti a partire dal materiale estruso è stato possibile condurre un'analisi diagnostica approfondita sulle proprietà intrinseche delle miscele. Questa strategia permette di isolare il comportamento del materiale dalle variabili operative della stampante 3D, verificando in via preliminare la coesione del binder, l'omogeneità della distribuzione della carica ceramica e la capacità del filamento di sostenere il caricamento meccanico necessario all'estrusione. Questi test preventivi risultano essenziali per definire se una polvere, una volta miscelata, possieda i requisiti reologici minimi per essere processata in forma di filamento continuo. Successivamente alla fase di formatura del "green body", il lavoro ha dedicato un’ampia attenzione alla progettazione e all'ottimizzazione dei trattamenti termici di debinding e sinterizzazione, passaggi critici in cui la componente organica viene rimossa per lasciare spazio a una struttura ceramica densificata. La calibrazione di questi cicli termici è fondamentale per prevenire l'insorgenza di difetti strutturali quali fessurazioni macroscopiche, deformazioni geometriche o collassi della porosità interna, spesso causati da una degradazione troppo rapida dei polimeri. Per monitorare l'evoluzione del materiale durante ogni stadio del processo, è stata impiegata un insieme di tecniche di caratterizzazione multidimensionale: le analisi termiche (TGA e DSC) hanno permesso di mappare le finestre di degradazione termica, la diffrattometria a raggi X (XRD) ha garantito il controllo della stabilità della fase cristallina dell'idrossiapatite, mentre la picnometria e la microscopia elettronica a scansione (SEM) hanno fornito dati essenziali sulla densità e sulla morfologia superficiale degli scaffold. In conclusione, l'intero apparato sperimentale mira a identificare una correlazione diretta tra la composizione chimica iniziale, i parametri di estrusione e la risposta microstrutturale post-sinterizzazione. Attraverso l'uso di geometrie elementari come filamenti e pastiglie, lo studio intende determinare i limiti di stampabilità delle formulazioni investigate, fornendo un quadro analitico necessario per stabilire se tali sistemi possano effettivamente rappresentare una soluzione percorribile per la produzione di scaffold bioattivi nell'ambito dell’ingegneria tissutale ossea.
Stampabilità di sistemi multicomponente costituiti da matrici polimeriche e fasi ceramiche bioattive a base di idrossiapatite per tecnologia Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM).
PELLIZZER, MATTIA
2025/2026
Abstract
This Master's thesis work focuses on the research of advanced biomaterials for bone regeneration, with particular attention to the fabrication and characterization of hydroxyapatite scaffolds realized through 3D Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) printing. The primary objective of the investigation is the systematic evaluation of the printability of ceramic-based composite materials, addressing the technological challenges related to the transformation of ceramic powders into functional and geometrically controlled three-dimensional structures. The research focuses on the analysis of two distinct binder-ceramic systems: the first based on a polymeric matrix of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) modified with polyethylene glycol-400 (PEG-400) to optimize its thermoplastic processability, and the second consisting of the use of the commercial binder K83 Embemould, specifically formulated for ceramic injection molding applications; for both systems, the ceramic phase consists of animal-derived hydroxyapatite, a bioceramic widely employed in the biomedical field for its bioactivity and for its chemical and structural similarity to the mineral phase of bone tissue. To determine the effective suitability of such formulations for the fused deposition extrusion process, the study adopts a methodological approach that is not limited to the production of the final scaffold, but provides for a crucial intermediate validation phase. Through the realization of pellets and single filaments obtained from the extruded material, it was possible to conduct an in-depth diagnostic analysis of the intrinsic properties of the mixtures. This strategy allows for the isolation of the material's behavior from the operational variables of the 3D printer, verifying in a preliminary way the cohesion of the binder, the homogeneity of the ceramic filler distribution, and the capacity of the filament to sustain the mechanical loading necessary for extrusion. These preventive tests are essential to define whether a powder, once mixed, possesses the minimum rheological requirements to be processed in the form of a continuous filament. Following the "green body" forming phase, the work dedicated extensive attention to the design and optimization of the debinding and sintering thermal treatments, critical steps in which the organic component is removed to leave space for a densified ceramic structure. The calibration of these thermal cycles is fundamental to prevent the onset of structural defects such as macroscopic cracking, geometric deformations, or collapses of the internal porosity, often caused by a too rapid degradation of the polymers. To monitor the evolution of the material during every stage of the process, a set of multidimensional characterization techniques was employed: thermal analyses (TGA and DSC) allowed for the mapping of the thermal degradation windows, X-ray diffractometry (XRD) guaranteed the control of the stability of the crystalline phase of the hydroxyapatite, while pycnometry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) provided essential data on the density and surface morphology of the scaffolds. In conclusion, the entire experimental apparatus aims to identify a direct correlation between the initial chemical composition, the extrusion parameters, and the post-sintering microstructural response. Through the use of elementary geometries such as filaments and pellets, the study intends to determine the printability limits of the investigated formulations, providing an analytical framework necessary to establish if such systems can effectively represent a viable solution for the production of bioactive scaffolds in the field of bone tissue engineering.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/107661