Tendon injuries represent a widespread and increasingly relevant clinical challenge, mainly due to the limited regenerative capacity of tendon tissue, which is associated with poor vascularisation and low cellular density. As a result, current treatments often fail to fully restore native tissue functionality, highlighting the need for more effective therapeutic strategies. In this context, tissue engineering has emerged as a promising approach for tendon repair and regeneration. In particular, fibrin-based scaffolds seeded with tendon progenitor cells are cultured and mechanically stimulated within bioreactors, such as the MagneTissue Bioreactor, which enables the application of controlled stimuli in a physiologically relevant environment. However, the viscoelastic response of fibrin constructs under mechanical loading remains poorly understood, representing a major limitation in the design of effective and physiologically meaningful stimulation protocols. The aim of this thesis is to address this gap by modelling and characterising the viscoelastic mechanical behaviour of fibrin constructs subjected to mechanical loading within the MagneTissue Bioreactor. To this end, samples with and without cells, characterized by different geometries, were produced and subjected to stress relaxation, creep, and pull-to-rupture tests. Experimental data were analysed considering several potentially influencing factors, including preparation history, storage conditions, and sample geometry. A generalised linear viscoelastic model based on a second order Prony series was implemented to describe and predict the mechanical response of the constructs. In parallel, a finite element model was developed to analyse internal stress distribution and simulate sample behaviour under different loading conditions. The results show that the viscoelastic behaviour of fibrin scaffolds is influenced by multiple factors, including fibrinogen freeze-thaw cycles, cryopreservation protocols, and construct geometry. Geometrical analysis allowed the separation of the material contribution from the geometrical one, revealing that the linear region provides the main mechanical contribution to the global stiffness of the scaffold and reflects the intrinsic properties of fibrin. The generalised Maxwell model effectively described stress relaxation behaviour and successfully predicted long-term creep response in cell seeded samples. In addition, the finite element model identified regions of high stress concentration, located near the hook contact areas, and accurately reproduced displacement-controlled tests, both static and cyclic. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the viscoelastic response of fibrin scaffolds is highly variable and strongly dependent on several experimental factors. Proper consideration of these aspects is essential for the development of reliable predictive models and, consequently, for defining truly effective mechanical stimulation protocols within the MagneTissue Bioreactor.
Le lesioni tendinee rappresentano una problematica clinica diffusa e di crescente rilevanza, a causa della limitata capacità rigenerativa del tessuto tendineo, legata alla scarsa vascolarizzazione e alla bassa densità cellulare. Di conseguenza, i trattamenti attualmente disponibili risultano spesso insufficienti nel ripristinare completamente le funzionalità native del tessuto, evidenziando la necessità di approcci terapeutici alternativi più efficaci. In questo contesto, l'ingegneria tissutale si propone come una strategia promettente per la riparazione e la rigenerazione tendinea. In particolare, scaffold in fibrina popolati con cellule tendinee progenitrici vengono coltivati e stimolati meccanicamente all'interno di bioreattori, come il MagneTissue, che consente l'applicazione di carichi controllati in un ambiente che riproduce le condizioni fisiologiche. Tuttavia, la risposta viscoelastica dei costrutti in fibrina sottoposti a sollecitazione meccanica è ancora poco studiata. Questa limitata conoscenza rappresenta un ostacolo significativo alla definizione di protocolli di stimolazione efficaci e fisiologicamente rilevanti. L'obiettivo della tesi è quello di colmare tale lacuna attraverso la modellizzazione e la caratterizzazione del comportamento meccanico viscoelastico di costrutti in fibrina sottoposti a stimolazione meccanica nel bioreattore MagneTissue. A tal fine, sono stati realizzati campioni con e senza cellule, caratterizzati da diverse geometrie, e sottoposti a prove di stress relaxation, creep e pull-to-rupture. I dati sperimentali sono stati analizzati considerando diversi fattori potenzialmente influenti, tra cui la storia di preparazione, le condizioni di conservazione e la geometria dei campioni. È stato inoltre implementato un modello viscoelastico lineare di Maxwell generalizzato, basato su serie di Prony di secondo ordine, per descrivere e predire la risposta meccanica dei costrutti. Parallelamente, è stato sviluppato un modello agli elementi finiti per analizzare la distribuzione interna degli stress e simulare il comportamento dei campioni sotto diverse condizioni di carico. I risultati evidenziano come il comportamento viscoelastico degli scaffold in fibrina sia influenzato da molteplici fattori, tra cui i cicli di congelamento-scongelamento del fibrinogeno, i protocolli di crioconservazione e la geometria dei costrutti. L'analisi geometrica ha permesso di distinguere il contributo del materiale da quello della geometria, mostrando come la regione lineare degli anelli in fibrina fornisca il principale contributo meccanico alla rigidezza globale e rappresenti le proprietà intrinseche della fibrina. Il modello matematico di Maxwell si è dimostrato efficace nel descrivere la risposta viscoelastica in prove di stress relaxation e nel predire il comportamento a lungo termine in prove di creep nei campioni popolati con cellule. Inoltre, il modello agli elementi finiti ha consentito di identificare le regioni a maggiore concentrazione di stress, localizzate nelle zone di contatto con gli agganci, e di descrivere le prove controllate in spostamento, sia statiche che cicliche. In conclusione, questo studio dimostra che la risposta viscoelastica degli scaffold in fibrina è altamente variabile e dipendente da numerosi fattori sperimentali. La loro corretta considerazione è fondamentale per lo sviluppo di modelli affidabili e, di conseguenza, per la definizione di protocolli di stimolazione meccanica realmente efficaci nel bioreattore MagneTissue.
Mechanical Characterisation and Modelling of Fibrin Scaffold Behaviour for Controlled Stimulation in the MagneTissue Bioreactor
RIPANTI, LAURA
2025/2026
Abstract
Tendon injuries represent a widespread and increasingly relevant clinical challenge, mainly due to the limited regenerative capacity of tendon tissue, which is associated with poor vascularisation and low cellular density. As a result, current treatments often fail to fully restore native tissue functionality, highlighting the need for more effective therapeutic strategies. In this context, tissue engineering has emerged as a promising approach for tendon repair and regeneration. In particular, fibrin-based scaffolds seeded with tendon progenitor cells are cultured and mechanically stimulated within bioreactors, such as the MagneTissue Bioreactor, which enables the application of controlled stimuli in a physiologically relevant environment. However, the viscoelastic response of fibrin constructs under mechanical loading remains poorly understood, representing a major limitation in the design of effective and physiologically meaningful stimulation protocols. The aim of this thesis is to address this gap by modelling and characterising the viscoelastic mechanical behaviour of fibrin constructs subjected to mechanical loading within the MagneTissue Bioreactor. To this end, samples with and without cells, characterized by different geometries, were produced and subjected to stress relaxation, creep, and pull-to-rupture tests. Experimental data were analysed considering several potentially influencing factors, including preparation history, storage conditions, and sample geometry. A generalised linear viscoelastic model based on a second order Prony series was implemented to describe and predict the mechanical response of the constructs. In parallel, a finite element model was developed to analyse internal stress distribution and simulate sample behaviour under different loading conditions. The results show that the viscoelastic behaviour of fibrin scaffolds is influenced by multiple factors, including fibrinogen freeze-thaw cycles, cryopreservation protocols, and construct geometry. Geometrical analysis allowed the separation of the material contribution from the geometrical one, revealing that the linear region provides the main mechanical contribution to the global stiffness of the scaffold and reflects the intrinsic properties of fibrin. The generalised Maxwell model effectively described stress relaxation behaviour and successfully predicted long-term creep response in cell seeded samples. In addition, the finite element model identified regions of high stress concentration, located near the hook contact areas, and accurately reproduced displacement-controlled tests, both static and cyclic. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the viscoelastic response of fibrin scaffolds is highly variable and strongly dependent on several experimental factors. Proper consideration of these aspects is essential for the development of reliable predictive models and, consequently, for defining truly effective mechanical stimulation protocols within the MagneTissue Bioreactor.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/107669