Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) is an innovative and rapid manufacturing technique that allows the creation of complex parts with short lead times. This technique is widely used for the manufacture of Ti-6Al-4V parts, which exhibit superior properties in high performance aerospace, marine and automotive applications. However, the LPBF processing of titanium alloys faces many challenges, including very high solidification rates with a resulting out-of-equilibrium microstructure, porosity, poor surface finish and material anisotropy. Hybrid manufacturing, which integrates additive manufacturing (AM) such as LPBF with a follow-up optimized thermomechanical treatment, enables the realization of near-net-shape components without sacrificing mechanical integrity. This thesis examines the hot compression behavior of LPBF-fabricated Ti-6Al-4V alloy and aims to address the mechanical and microstructural differences obtained between as-built and heat-treated conditions as well as the influence caused by building orientations. Cylindrical specimens were produced in two different directions. The tests were conducted at temperatures of 800,900, and 950 °C and strain rates of 0.1,1, and 10 s-1 with a total strain ԑ=0.8 using the Gleeble 3800 thermo-mechanical simulator. Finite Element (FE) simulations were implemented to provide a detailed map of the local distribution of strain and temperature during deformation. Flow stress curves were analyzed and compared. Subsequently the flow curves data were used to develop processing maps and identify the domains of efficient power dissipation and flow instability. Microstructural features of pre- and post-deformation were analyzed by digital microscopy to validate map predictions. Results showed negligible difference between as-built and heat-treated samples at 950 °C as well as negligible effect of the building orientations, suggesting a possible route to mitigate anisotropy during the forging of additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V components and preforms without the need for prior heat treatments.
La Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) è una tecnica di produzione innovativa e rapida che consente la realizzazione di componenti geometricamente complessi con tempi produttivi ridotti. Questa tecnica è ampiamente utilizzata per la produzione di componenti in Ti-6Al-4V, con proprietà meccaniche elevate e tipicamente usati in applicazione ad alte prestazioni nei settori aerospaziale, marino e automobilistico. Tuttavia, la lavorazione delle leghe di titanio mediante LPBF presenta ancora diverse criticità, tra cui tassi di solidificazione molto elevati che conducono alla formazione di microstrutture fuori equilibrio, porosità, scarsa finitura superficiale e anisotropia del materiale. La manifattura ibrida, che integra processi di manifattura additiva (AM) quali LPBF con trattamenti termo-meccanici post-processo opportunamente ottimizzati, consente di ottenere componenti near-net-shape senza compromettere l’integrità meccanica. La presente tesi analizza il comportamento in compressione a caldo della lega Ti-6Al-4V fabbricata mediante LPBF e si propone di valutare le differenze meccaniche e microstrutturali tra le condizioni as-built e trattata termicamente, nonché l’influenza dell’anisotropia associata alle diverse condizioni di costruzione. Le prove di compressione sono state condotte alle temperature di 800,900 e 950°C e ai tassi di deformazione di 0.1,1 e 10 s-1, fino a una deformazione totale ԑ=0.8, utilizzando il simulatore termo-meccanico Gleeble 3800. La simulazione termo-meccanica agli elementi finiti (FE) è stata introdotta per ottenere una mappa dettagliata della distribuzione di deformazione e temperatura durante la deformazione. Le curve di tensione di flusso sono state ottenute e confrontate nei due differenti casi. Successivamente, i dati ottenuti sono stati utilizzati per generare le mappe di lavorabilità e identificare le principali regioni di efficienza di dissipazione della potenza e instabilità. Le caratteristiche microstrutturali prima e dopo la deformazione sono state analizzate mediante microscopio digitale per validare i cambiamenti microstrutturali previsti dalle mappe. I risultati hanno evidenziato differenze trascurabili tra i campioni as-built e quelli trattati termicamente a 950°C, nonché un effetto trascurabile della direzione di deposizione, suggerendo questa temperatura come una possibile strategia per mitigare le problematiche legate all’anisotropia nella forgiatura di componenti in Ti-6Al-4V realizzati mediante manifattura additiva senza ricorrere all’utilizzo di ulteriori trattamenti termici.
Hot deformation behavior of LPBF Ti-6Al-4V: comparative analysis of flow stress and microstructural evolution in as-built and heat-treated conditions
DALLA LIBERA, FILIPPO
2025/2026
Abstract
Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) is an innovative and rapid manufacturing technique that allows the creation of complex parts with short lead times. This technique is widely used for the manufacture of Ti-6Al-4V parts, which exhibit superior properties in high performance aerospace, marine and automotive applications. However, the LPBF processing of titanium alloys faces many challenges, including very high solidification rates with a resulting out-of-equilibrium microstructure, porosity, poor surface finish and material anisotropy. Hybrid manufacturing, which integrates additive manufacturing (AM) such as LPBF with a follow-up optimized thermomechanical treatment, enables the realization of near-net-shape components without sacrificing mechanical integrity. This thesis examines the hot compression behavior of LPBF-fabricated Ti-6Al-4V alloy and aims to address the mechanical and microstructural differences obtained between as-built and heat-treated conditions as well as the influence caused by building orientations. Cylindrical specimens were produced in two different directions. The tests were conducted at temperatures of 800,900, and 950 °C and strain rates of 0.1,1, and 10 s-1 with a total strain ԑ=0.8 using the Gleeble 3800 thermo-mechanical simulator. Finite Element (FE) simulations were implemented to provide a detailed map of the local distribution of strain and temperature during deformation. Flow stress curves were analyzed and compared. Subsequently the flow curves data were used to develop processing maps and identify the domains of efficient power dissipation and flow instability. Microstructural features of pre- and post-deformation were analyzed by digital microscopy to validate map predictions. Results showed negligible difference between as-built and heat-treated samples at 950 °C as well as negligible effect of the building orientations, suggesting a possible route to mitigate anisotropy during the forging of additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V components and preforms without the need for prior heat treatments.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/107839