Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta, resulting in the impairment of both motor and non-motor neural circuits. Although pharmacological treatment—primarily based on levodopa—remains the main therapeutic strategy, it shows significant long-term limitations, particularly in managing motor fluctuations and treatment-resistant symptoms. In recent years, growing clinical and scientific interest has been directed toward the integration of non-pharmacological rehabilitative approaches. In particular, physical exercise has demonstrated the ability to modulate neuroplasticity, improve motor, cognitive, and functional performance, and slow clinical progression. At the same time, Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation (NIBS) techniques have shown promising results in enhancing cortical functions and modulating neuronal excitability. This thesis, conducted as a literature review, aims to critically examine the effectiveness of combined interventions involving physical exercise and NIBS in the management of Parkinson’s disease. Through an in-depth analysis of the most recent scientific literature, the thesis explores the underlying neurophysiological mechanisms, available clinical evidence, proposed intervention protocols, and future perspectives within the context of integrated rehabilitative approaches.
La Malattia di Parkinson (MP) è una patologia neurodegenerativa a decorso cronico-progressivo, caratterizzata dalla degenerazione dei neuroni dopaminergici della Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta, con conseguente compromissione dei circuiti motori e non motori. Sebbene il trattamento farmacologico, principalmente a base di levodopa, rappresenti la principale strategia terapeutica, esso risulta limitato nel lungo termine, soprattutto nella gestione delle fluttuazioni motorie e dei sintomi refrattari. Negli ultimi anni, l’interesse clinico e scientifico si è focalizzato sull’integrazione di approcci riabilitativi non farmacologici. In particolare, l’esercizio fisico si è dimostrato in grado di modulare la neuroplasticità, migliorare le performance motorie, cognitive e funzionali, rallentando il declino clinico. Parallelamente, le tecniche di Stimolazione Cerebrale Non Invasiva (Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation, NIBS) hanno mostrato risultati promettenti nel potenziamento delle funzioni corticali e nella modulazione dell’eccitabilità neuronale. La presente tesi, a carattere bibliografico, si propone di analizzare criticamente l’efficacia delle terapie combinate basate sull’interazione tra esercizio fisico e NIBS nella gestione della Malattia di Parkinson. Attraverso una revisione della letteratura scientifica più recente, vengono approfonditi i meccanismi neurofisiologici sottostanti, le evidenze cliniche disponibili, i protocolli di intervento proposti e le prospettive future in ambito riabilitativo integrato.
Esercizio fisico e stimolazione cerebrale non invasiva nella Malattia di Parkinson: una revisione della letteratura
MINO, ELEONORA
2025/2026
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta, resulting in the impairment of both motor and non-motor neural circuits. Although pharmacological treatment—primarily based on levodopa—remains the main therapeutic strategy, it shows significant long-term limitations, particularly in managing motor fluctuations and treatment-resistant symptoms. In recent years, growing clinical and scientific interest has been directed toward the integration of non-pharmacological rehabilitative approaches. In particular, physical exercise has demonstrated the ability to modulate neuroplasticity, improve motor, cognitive, and functional performance, and slow clinical progression. At the same time, Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation (NIBS) techniques have shown promising results in enhancing cortical functions and modulating neuronal excitability. This thesis, conducted as a literature review, aims to critically examine the effectiveness of combined interventions involving physical exercise and NIBS in the management of Parkinson’s disease. Through an in-depth analysis of the most recent scientific literature, the thesis explores the underlying neurophysiological mechanisms, available clinical evidence, proposed intervention protocols, and future perspectives within the context of integrated rehabilitative approaches.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/108133