CURRENT ISSUES ON FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION AND HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE GAMBIA, FROM A WOMEN'S HUMAN RIGHTS PERSPECTIVE

This thesis examines the persistance of female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) in The Gambia and its consequencies on the human rights of women and girls. Drawing on academic literature, policy documents, legislative records, and public discourse, the reasearch examines why FGM/C persists despite its criminalisation under the Women’s (Amendment) Act 2015. The findings shows that FGM/C remains deeply rooted as a cultural identifier shaped by social expectations and gender norms, often linked to respectability, marriageability, and community acceptance. Consequently, uncut girls frequently face stigma and social exclusion, reinforcing family and societal pressure to conform, even in situations where the perpetrators are awear of the potential harm that such a practice could lead to. The study also highlights the influence of religious interpretations and traditional leaders in shaping public opinion and resistance to reform. The research findings further reveals that legal measures alone are insufficient to protect the rights of women and girls, particularly where cultural and political factors undermine enforcement. Evidence of this fragility can be seen in the recent parliamentary debates and attempts to repeal the anti-FGM/C law. While survivor advocates and civil society organisations play a crucial role in raising awareness and shaping policy, their impact is constrained by limited institutional support and ongoing community resistance. The research concludes that effective eradication of FGM/C in The Gambia requires a comprehensive approach that extends beyond legal prohibition. This includes strengthening enforcement, expanding survivor support services, challenging harmful social norms, and fostering inclusive, community-based dialogue. Sustainable progress depends on sustained political will and long-term social transformation centred on the dignity, autonomy, and rights of women and girls.