Bone regeneration represents one of the most significant challenges in the contemporary bioengineering landscape. With the increase in life expectancy and the incidence of degenerative diseases, trauma, and tumor resections, the need for synthetic bone substitutes capable of inducing functional healing has become a priority. Although autografting remains the gold standard, it presents intrinsic limitations related to donor site morbidity and limited tissue availability. To bridge this gap, research has shifted toward the development of synthetic scaffolds that are not merely mechanical supports, but biologically active entities capable of interacting with the host cellular environment. This thesis focuses on the design and fabrication of porous ceramic scaffolds obtained through the integration of 3D printing technology (Stereolithography) and the use of 45S5 Bioglass, the bioactive material par excellence. 45S5 Bioglass was chosen for its distinctive ability to form a direct chemical bond with natural bone through the precipitation of a carbonated hydroxyapatite (HCA) layer upon contact with physiological fluids—a process mediated by the controlled release of silicon and calcium ions that stimulate osteoblast activity. The adopted methodology involves using a "hard" photopolymer resin as a carrier for the bioglass powder. In this phase, 3D printing acts as a shaping technique, allowing the creation of geometrically complex architectures characterized by interconnected porosity designed to promote osteoconduction and future tissue vascularization. However, the printing phase represents only the first stage of the process: the central challenge of the research lies in the post-processing thermal treatment, which is necessary to eliminate the sacrificial polymer matrix and consolidate the inorganic phase into a solid and resistant structure. To evaluate the performance and clinical suitability of the samples, a multi-level characterization was performed; specifically, physico-mechanical analyses were conducted to evaluate density, porosity, dimensional shrinkage, and compressive properties, including Young's Modulus and toughness.
La rigenerazione del tessuto osseo rappresenta una delle sfide più complesse e rilevanti nel panorama della bioingegneria contemporanea. Con l’aumento dell’aspettativa di vita e l’incidenza di patologie degenerative, traumi e resezioni tumorali, la necessità di sostituti ossei sintetici capaci di indurre una guarigione funzionale è diventata prioritaria. Sebbene l’autotrapianto rimanga il gold standard, esso presenta limiti intrinseci legati alla morbilità del sito donatore e alla limitata disponibilità di tessuto. Per colmare questo divario, la ricerca si è orientata verso lo sviluppo di scaffold sintetici che non siano semplici supporti meccanici, ma entità biologicamente attive capaci di interagire con l'ambiente cellulare ospite. Il presente lavoro di tesi si focalizza sulla progettazione e realizzazione di scaffold ceramici porosi ottenuti attraverso l’integrazione della tecnologia di stampa 3D (Stereolitografia) e l’impiego del Biovetro 45S5, il materiale bioattivo per eccellenza. Il Biovetro 45S5 è stato scelto per la sua capacità distintiva di formare un legame chimico diretto con l'osso naturale attraverso la precipitazione di uno strato di idrossiapatite carbonatata (HCA) a contatto con i fluidi fisiologici, un processo mediato dal rilascio controllato di ioni silicio e calcio che stimolano l'attività degli osteoblasti. La metodologia adottata prevede l'utilizzo di una resina fotopolimerica "hard" come carrier per la polvere di biovetro. In questa fase, la stampa 3D agisce come tecnica di formatura, permettendo la creazione di architetture geometricamente complesse, caratterizzate da una porosità interconnessa progettata per favorire l'osteoconduzione e la futura vascolarizzazione del tessuto. Tuttavia, la fase di stampa rappresenta solo il primo stadio del processo: la sfida centrale della ricerca risiede nel trattamento termico di post-elaborazione, necessario per eliminare la matrice polimerica sacrificale e consolidare la fase inorganica in una struttura solida e resistente. Per valutare le performance e l'idoneità clinica dei campioni, è stata eseguita una caratterizzazione multilivello, in particolare sono state condotte analisi fisico-meccaniche per valutare densità, porosità, ritiro dimensionale e le proprietà a compressione, inclusi il Modulo di Young e la tenacità.
Manifattura additiva e caratterizzazione di scaffold in biovetro per la rigenerazione ossea
OREFICE, ETTORE
2025/2026
Abstract
Bone regeneration represents one of the most significant challenges in the contemporary bioengineering landscape. With the increase in life expectancy and the incidence of degenerative diseases, trauma, and tumor resections, the need for synthetic bone substitutes capable of inducing functional healing has become a priority. Although autografting remains the gold standard, it presents intrinsic limitations related to donor site morbidity and limited tissue availability. To bridge this gap, research has shifted toward the development of synthetic scaffolds that are not merely mechanical supports, but biologically active entities capable of interacting with the host cellular environment. This thesis focuses on the design and fabrication of porous ceramic scaffolds obtained through the integration of 3D printing technology (Stereolithography) and the use of 45S5 Bioglass, the bioactive material par excellence. 45S5 Bioglass was chosen for its distinctive ability to form a direct chemical bond with natural bone through the precipitation of a carbonated hydroxyapatite (HCA) layer upon contact with physiological fluids—a process mediated by the controlled release of silicon and calcium ions that stimulate osteoblast activity. The adopted methodology involves using a "hard" photopolymer resin as a carrier for the bioglass powder. In this phase, 3D printing acts as a shaping technique, allowing the creation of geometrically complex architectures characterized by interconnected porosity designed to promote osteoconduction and future tissue vascularization. However, the printing phase represents only the first stage of the process: the central challenge of the research lies in the post-processing thermal treatment, which is necessary to eliminate the sacrificial polymer matrix and consolidate the inorganic phase into a solid and resistant structure. To evaluate the performance and clinical suitability of the samples, a multi-level characterization was performed; specifically, physico-mechanical analyses were conducted to evaluate density, porosity, dimensional shrinkage, and compressive properties, including Young's Modulus and toughness.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/109274