This thesis addresses the problem of protecting the observation window of a robotic laser welding cell equipped with a Class 4 fiber laser, through the sizing, design, and preliminary validation of an active protection function. In the event of accidental beam misalignment toward the window, an exclusively passive protection system, although certified, may only be effective within specific exposure limits and may require safety distances that are not always compatible with the actual layout of the cell. To overcome this limitation, a solution combining a certified passive window with an active sensitive panel installed upstream of the window was proposed. The panel, based on two normally closed conductive channels, is integrated into the safety chain of the cell: when struck by the laser beam, the local interruption of the conductive circuit is detected by the safety controller and converted into a stop command for the laser emission through the source interlock circuit. The work includes the regulatory framework of the problem, the translation of Permissible Exposure Limits (PEL) into quantitative design criteria, the optical and energetic modeling of the laser beam, and the analysis of the role of stopping time in limiting the incident energy on the passive window. On this basis, a prototype sensitive panel with a double conductive serpentine pattern was designed and manufactured, subsequently integrated into the safety logic of the robotic cell and experimentally tested. The obtained results show that, in the most critical scenarios, compliance with exposure limits using only the passive window would require head-to-window distances on the order of several meters, whereas the introduction of the active protection function reduces this distance to values on the order of one meter. Experimental validation confirmed the correct intervention of the safety function and the absence of perforation of the passive window under the validated operating conditions. The thesis therefore demonstrates the technical feasibility of the active window as an additional protection level for robotic laser welding cells, highlighting that the effectiveness of the system depends not only on the sensor itself, but also on the coordinated interaction between event detection, safety logic, and the rapid shutdown of the laser source.
La presente tesi affronta il problema della protezione della finestra di osservazione di una cella robotizzata di saldatura con laser in fibra di Classe 4, sviluppando il dimensiona-mento, la progettazione e la validazione preliminare di una funzione di protezione attiva. In presenza di un puntamento accidentale del fascio verso la finestra, una protezione esclusivamente passiva, pur certificata, può risultare sufficiente solo entro precisi limiti di esposizione e richiedere distanze operative non sempre compatibili con il layout reale della cella. Per rispondere a tale criticità, è stata proposta una soluzione costituita da una finestra passiva certificata e da un pannello sensibile attivo installato a monte della stessa. Il pan-nello, basato su due canali conduttivi normalmente chiusi, è integrato nella catena di si-curezza della cella: l’impatto del fascio provoca l’interruzione locale del circuito sensibi-le, evento che viene rilevato dal controller di sicurezza e tradotto in un comando di arre-sto dell’emissione tramite il circuito di interlock della sorgente. Il lavoro comprende l’inquadramento normativo del problema, la traduzione dei limiti PEL in criteri quantitativi di progetto, la modellazione ottico-energetica del fascio e l’analisi del ruolo del tempo di arresto nel contenimento dell’energia incidente sulla fine-stra passiva. Su tali basi è stato progettato e realizzato un prototipo di pannello sensibile a doppia serpentina conduttiva, successivamente integrato nella logica di sicurezza della cella e sottoposto a prova sperimentale. I risultati ottenuti mostrano che, negli scenari più gravosi, il rispetto dei limiti di esposi-zione mediante la sola finestra passiva richiederebbe distanze testa–finestra dell’ordine di diversi metri, mentre l’introduzione della funzione attiva consente di ricondurre tale distanza a valori dell’ordine del metro. La verifica sperimentale ha confermato il corretto intervento della funzione di sicurezza e l’assenza di perforazione della finestra passiva nelle condizioni validate. La tesi dimostra pertanto la fattibilità tecnica della finestra attiva come livello supple-mentare di protezione per celle robotizzate di saldatura laser, evidenziando che l’efficacia del sistema dipende non soltanto dal sensore, ma dall’interazione coordinata tra rileva-zione dell’evento, logica di sicurezza e rapidità di arresto della sorgente.
Sviluppo e validazione preliminare di una funzione di sicurezza attiva per la finestra di protezione di una cella robotizzata di saldatura laser
CENTANNI, GIANLUCA
2025/2026
Abstract
This thesis addresses the problem of protecting the observation window of a robotic laser welding cell equipped with a Class 4 fiber laser, through the sizing, design, and preliminary validation of an active protection function. In the event of accidental beam misalignment toward the window, an exclusively passive protection system, although certified, may only be effective within specific exposure limits and may require safety distances that are not always compatible with the actual layout of the cell. To overcome this limitation, a solution combining a certified passive window with an active sensitive panel installed upstream of the window was proposed. The panel, based on two normally closed conductive channels, is integrated into the safety chain of the cell: when struck by the laser beam, the local interruption of the conductive circuit is detected by the safety controller and converted into a stop command for the laser emission through the source interlock circuit. The work includes the regulatory framework of the problem, the translation of Permissible Exposure Limits (PEL) into quantitative design criteria, the optical and energetic modeling of the laser beam, and the analysis of the role of stopping time in limiting the incident energy on the passive window. On this basis, a prototype sensitive panel with a double conductive serpentine pattern was designed and manufactured, subsequently integrated into the safety logic of the robotic cell and experimentally tested. The obtained results show that, in the most critical scenarios, compliance with exposure limits using only the passive window would require head-to-window distances on the order of several meters, whereas the introduction of the active protection function reduces this distance to values on the order of one meter. Experimental validation confirmed the correct intervention of the safety function and the absence of perforation of the passive window under the validated operating conditions. The thesis therefore demonstrates the technical feasibility of the active window as an additional protection level for robotic laser welding cells, highlighting that the effectiveness of the system depends not only on the sensor itself, but also on the coordinated interaction between event detection, safety logic, and the rapid shutdown of the laser source.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Centanni_Gianluca.pdf
Accesso riservato
Dimensione
3.48 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
3.48 MB | Adobe PDF |
The text of this website © Università degli studi di Padova. Full Text are published under a non-exclusive license. Metadata are under a CC0 License
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/109490