The increasing penetration of renewable energy sources, particularly photovoltaic generation, is introducing new dynamic challenges in modern power systems, including the emergence of frequency oscillations. This thesis investigates the conditions under which such oscillations arise and evaluates their impact on synchronous generating units, focusing on gas engine-based gensets from INNIO Jenbacher. Through systematic simulations, it is shown that frequency oscillations can become significant when photovoltaic penetration exceeds approximately 50% of total demand, especially in low-inertia grids. The analysis further highlights that larger grids with higher inertia are inherently more resilient to these disturbances. To mitigate the effects on gensets, two control-based countermeasures were developed and validated. The implementation of a Power System Stabilizer (PSS) proved highly effective, reducing active power oscillations by up to 85%. In contrast, a secondary approach based on droop control with a SOGI-filtered speed component showed only modest improvements, indicating the need for further refinement. Although the study adopts certain simplifications, such as excluding wind generation and employing a non-optimized control configuration, it provides valuable insights into the mechanisms driving frequency oscillations and demonstrates practical mitigation strategies at the unit level. The findings underline the continued importance of both conventional power plants and fast-response gensets in maintaining grid stability. Future work may extend the analysis to include wind generation and hybrid solutions integrating energy storage systems.
La crescente penetrazione delle fonti di energia rinnovabile, in particolare della generazione fotovoltaica, sta introducendo nuove sfide dinamiche nei moderni sistemi elettrici, tra cui l’insorgenza di oscillazioni di frequenza. Questa tesi indaga le condizioni in cui tali oscillazioni si manifestano e ne valuta l’impatto sulle unità di generazione sincrona, con particolare attenzione ai genset basati su motori a gas di INNIO Jenbacher. Attraverso simulazioni sistematiche, viene mostrato che le oscillazioni di frequenza possono diventare significative quando la penetrazione fotovoltaica supera circa il 50% della domanda totale, specialmente in reti a bassa inerzia. L’analisi evidenzia inoltre che le reti di dimensioni maggiori, caratterizzate da un’inerzia più elevata, sono intrinsecamente più resilienti a tali disturbi. Per mitigare gli effetti sui gruppi elettrogeni, sono state sviluppate e validate due contromisure basate sul controllo. L’implementazione di un Power System Stabilizer (PSS) si è dimostrata altamente efficace, riducendo le oscillazioni di potenza attiva fino all’85%. Al contrario, un secondo approccio basato sul controllo droop con una componente di velocità filtrata tramite SOGI ha mostrato soltanto miglioramenti modesti, indicando la necessità di ulteriori perfezionamenti. Sebbene lo studio adotti alcune semplificazioni, come l’esclusione della generazione eolica e l’impiego di una configurazione di controllo non ottimizzata, esso fornisce importanti indicazioni sui meccanismi che guidano le oscillazioni di frequenza e dimostra strategie pratiche di mitigazione a livello di unità. I risultati sottolineano la continua importanza sia delle centrali convenzionali sia dei gruppi elettrogeni a risposta rapida nel mantenimento della stabilità di rete. Una futura estensione di questo lavoro potrà includere la generazione eolica e soluzioni ibride integrate con sistemi di accumulo energetico.
Study of Frequency Oscillation in Photovoltaic-Rich Electrical Power Grids and Related Effects on Gas-Engine Gensets
ANDREELLA, GIOVANNI
2025/2026
Abstract
The increasing penetration of renewable energy sources, particularly photovoltaic generation, is introducing new dynamic challenges in modern power systems, including the emergence of frequency oscillations. This thesis investigates the conditions under which such oscillations arise and evaluates their impact on synchronous generating units, focusing on gas engine-based gensets from INNIO Jenbacher. Through systematic simulations, it is shown that frequency oscillations can become significant when photovoltaic penetration exceeds approximately 50% of total demand, especially in low-inertia grids. The analysis further highlights that larger grids with higher inertia are inherently more resilient to these disturbances. To mitigate the effects on gensets, two control-based countermeasures were developed and validated. The implementation of a Power System Stabilizer (PSS) proved highly effective, reducing active power oscillations by up to 85%. In contrast, a secondary approach based on droop control with a SOGI-filtered speed component showed only modest improvements, indicating the need for further refinement. Although the study adopts certain simplifications, such as excluding wind generation and employing a non-optimized control configuration, it provides valuable insights into the mechanisms driving frequency oscillations and demonstrates practical mitigation strategies at the unit level. The findings underline the continued importance of both conventional power plants and fast-response gensets in maintaining grid stability. Future work may extend the analysis to include wind generation and hybrid solutions integrating energy storage systems.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/109620