Invasive alien species represent one of the main threats to biodiversity and ecosystem integrity on a global scale. In this context, riparian ecosystems emerge as particularly vulnerable environments, acting as preferential dispersal vectors for invasive alien plants. The combination of frequent hydro-morphological disturbances and the water transport vector provided by floods facilitates the establishment and rapid colonization of these habitats. The present study analyzes and characterizes the invasion nuclei of Ailanthus altissima (tree of heaven) within the riparian environment of the Brenta River. This work constitutes one of the first investigations specifically focused on the internal architecture and demography of individual invasion nuclei in a fluvial environment. The objective of the research is to understand its expansion mechanisms by assessing the demographic, dendrometric, and chronological structure of the stands, as well as their spatial relationship with the morphology of the river corridor. The survey was conducted through field data collection across 18 invasion nuclei distributed along the Brenta River. For each area, dendrometric, dendrochronological, and spatial data were collected. These were subsequently processed using statistical analyses (via Excel, R, and RStudio software) and cartographic analyses in a GIS environment to describe the stand structures and the morpho-hydraulic characteristics of the colonized sites. The results highlight an active and potentially expanding invasive dynamic. A total of 4,257 stems belonging to 3,529 trees were surveyed, revealing a population dominated by young individuals. Indeed, 68.7% of the stems are under 135 cm in height, indicating a recent and intense establishment of the species. Chronological analyses show that the nuclei originated in recent decades, with an average age of the reference plants at 18.5 ± 8.7 years and a maximum age of 41 years. Furthermore, spatial analysis highlights a distribution closely associated with the morphologically most stable portions of the river corridor, primarily in the floodplain, at an average distance of 214 ± 154 meters from the thalweg. Finally, the composition of the tree canopy confirms a highly altered ecosystem state, characterized by a widespread presence of invasive alien species, most notably Robinia pseudoacacia. Overall, the study shows that Ailanthus altissima invasion nuclei in riparian environments are young, dynamic, and expanding stands, strictly influenced by the geomorphological characteristics of the river corridor and management regimes of the semi-natural environments. Furthermore, the collected data could serve as a basis for further studies on the species' ecology and for developing predictive models at different scales. This would offer management authorities a decision-making support to optimize resources and mitigate biodiversity loss within the ecological corridors protected by the Natura 2000 Network.
Le specie esotiche invasive rappresentano una delle principali minacce per la biodiversità e l'integrità degli ecosistemi su scala globale. In questo contesto, gli ecosistemi ripariali si configurano come ambienti particolarmente vulnerabili e agiscono come vere e proprie vie di diffusione preferenziali per le piante aliene. La combinazione tra i frequenti disturbi idro-morfologici e il vettore di trasporto idrico delle piene facilita, infatti, l'insediamento e la rapida colonizzazione di questi habitat. Il presente studio analizza e caratterizza i nuclei d’invasione di Ailanthus altissima (ailanto) nell’ambiente ripariale del fiume Brenta. Mentre la letteratura si è spesso limitata a segnalare la presenza macroscopica della specie, questo lavoro costituisce una delle prime indagini focalizzate specificamente sull'architettura interna e sulla demografia dei singoli nuclei d’invasione in ambiente fluviale. L'obiettivo della ricerca è comprenderne i meccanismi espansivi, valutando la struttura demografica, dendrometrica e cronologica dei popolamenti, nonché la loro relazione spaziale con la morfologia del corridoio fluviale. L'indagine è stata condotta mediante rilievi di campo su 18 nuclei d'invasione distribuiti lungo il fiume Brenta. Per ciascun nucleo sono stati raccolti dati dendrometrici, dendrocronologici e spaziali, successivamente elaborati con analisi statistiche (con Excel e i softwere di R e R-studio) e cartografiche in ambiente GIS per descrivere la struttura dei popolamenti e le caratteristiche morfo-idrauliche dei siti colonizzati. I risultati evidenziano una dinamica invasiva attiva e in potenziale espansione. Sono stati censiti complessivamente 4.257 fusti appartenenti a 3.529 alberi, con una popolazione dominata da individui giovani: il 68,7% dei fusti presenta infatti un'altezza inferiore a 135 cm, indicando un recente e intenso insediamento della specie. Le analisi cronologiche mostrano che i nuclei hanno avuto origine negli ultimi decenni, con un'età media delle piante di riferimento pari a 18,5 ± 8,7 anni (fase che coincide con la massima capacità riproduttiva della specie) e un'età massima di 41 anni. L'analisi spaziale evidenzia inoltre una distribuzione strettamente associata alle porzioni morfologicamente più stabili del corridoio fluviale, prevalentemente nella piana alluvionale con una distanza media di 214 ± 154 metri dal talweg. Infine, lo studio analizza il tipo di specie arboree presenti all'interno e all’esterno dei nuclei, analizzando la loro frequenza di occorrenza nei diversi siti, rivelando un ecosistema già fortemente compromesso, con una presenza di specie esotiche superiore all'80%, in particolare di Robinia pseudoacacia. Nel complesso, lo studio mostra che i nuclei d'invasione di ailanto in ambiente ripariale sono popolamenti giovani, dinamici e in fase di espansione, strettamente influenzati dalle caratteristiche geomorfologiche del corridoio fluviale e dei regimi di gestione dell’ambiente semi-naturale. Inoltre, i dati raccolti potranno fungere da base per altri studi sull’ecologia della specie e poter sviluppare modelli predittivi su diverse scale, offrendo agli enti gestori un supporto decisionale rigoroso per ottimizzare le risorse e mitigare la perdita di biodiversità nella Rete Natura 2000.
Caratterizzazione dei nuclei d’invasione di Ailanthus altissima nell’ambiente ripariale del fiume Brenta
FORESTA, GIULIA
2025/2026
Abstract
Invasive alien species represent one of the main threats to biodiversity and ecosystem integrity on a global scale. In this context, riparian ecosystems emerge as particularly vulnerable environments, acting as preferential dispersal vectors for invasive alien plants. The combination of frequent hydro-morphological disturbances and the water transport vector provided by floods facilitates the establishment and rapid colonization of these habitats. The present study analyzes and characterizes the invasion nuclei of Ailanthus altissima (tree of heaven) within the riparian environment of the Brenta River. This work constitutes one of the first investigations specifically focused on the internal architecture and demography of individual invasion nuclei in a fluvial environment. The objective of the research is to understand its expansion mechanisms by assessing the demographic, dendrometric, and chronological structure of the stands, as well as their spatial relationship with the morphology of the river corridor. The survey was conducted through field data collection across 18 invasion nuclei distributed along the Brenta River. For each area, dendrometric, dendrochronological, and spatial data were collected. These were subsequently processed using statistical analyses (via Excel, R, and RStudio software) and cartographic analyses in a GIS environment to describe the stand structures and the morpho-hydraulic characteristics of the colonized sites. The results highlight an active and potentially expanding invasive dynamic. A total of 4,257 stems belonging to 3,529 trees were surveyed, revealing a population dominated by young individuals. Indeed, 68.7% of the stems are under 135 cm in height, indicating a recent and intense establishment of the species. Chronological analyses show that the nuclei originated in recent decades, with an average age of the reference plants at 18.5 ± 8.7 years and a maximum age of 41 years. Furthermore, spatial analysis highlights a distribution closely associated with the morphologically most stable portions of the river corridor, primarily in the floodplain, at an average distance of 214 ± 154 meters from the thalweg. Finally, the composition of the tree canopy confirms a highly altered ecosystem state, characterized by a widespread presence of invasive alien species, most notably Robinia pseudoacacia. Overall, the study shows that Ailanthus altissima invasion nuclei in riparian environments are young, dynamic, and expanding stands, strictly influenced by the geomorphological characteristics of the river corridor and management regimes of the semi-natural environments. Furthermore, the collected data could serve as a basis for further studies on the species' ecology and for developing predictive models at different scales. This would offer management authorities a decision-making support to optimize resources and mitigate biodiversity loss within the ecological corridors protected by the Natura 2000 Network.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Foresta Giulia - Tesi Magistrale - Ailanthus altissima.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/110242