This research analyzes and quantifies the economic and social value of ecosystem services provided by the Italian agricultural and forestry system, within a context characterized by the progressive reduction of agricultural land and increasing anthropogenic pressure on natural and semi-natural ecosystems. The study aims to investigate the level of knowledge, perception, and awareness among Italian citizens regarding ecosystem services, as well as their willingness to financially support sustainable management practices aimed at their conservation and enhancement. To this end, a survey was conducted using a standardized online questionnaire, yielding 2,000 valid responses. The collected data were analyzed through statistical and econometric methodologies based on primary stated preference approaches—specifically, contingent valuation and choice experiments—integrated with psychometric scales to analyze individual attitudes and perceptions. The hypothetical markets presented to the participants were designed in reference to the goals of the National Biodiversity Strategy 2030 and the European Farm to Fork Strategy. The analysis enabled the evaluation of trade-offs associated with the willingness to pay for various environmental attributes, including the expansion of organic agricultural land, the improvement of habitat quality, carbon sequestration, and the implementation of green infrastructures, such as forested infiltration areas, buffer strips, and wetlands. Furthermore, the responses were examined in relation to the socio-demographic characteristics of the participants. The results highlight a high level of interest in environmental issues and ecosystem services, which is, however, accompanied by limited knowledge of the dynamics characterizing agricultural and forestry environments. This phenomenon is particularly evident among older individuals and the male population. In addition, strong preferences emerge for regulating ecosystem services directly linked to human health and environmental resilience, such as the improvement of water and air quality. Econometric estimates show a significant propensity among the Italian population to support—including through the allocation of national and European public resources—the adoption of more sustainable and lower-impact agricultural and forestry practices. While considering the typical limitations of online surveys, including hypothetical biases and the difficulty of uniformly representing all age groups, the study provides an updated and robust framework of social preferences regarding sustainable land management in Italy. These findings offer relevant insights for policymakers and territorial planners, demonstrating how the quantification and economic valuation of ecosystem services can support the implementation of instruments such as Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES). Such mechanisms allow for the adequate remuneration of agricultural and forestry operators for their contribution to the protection of natural capital, recognizing the strategic role of these sectors not only in the production of private goods but also in safeguarding the ecological security and environmental sustainability of the country.
La presente ricerca analizza e quantifica il valore economico e sociale dei servizi ecosistemici forniti dal sistema agricolo e forestale italiano, in un contesto caratterizzato dalla progressiva riduzione delle superfici agricole e dalla crescente pressione antropica sugli ecosistemi naturali e seminaturali. Lo studio si propone di indagare il livello di conoscenza, percezione e consapevolezza dei cittadini italiani riguardo ai servizi ecosistemici, nonché la loro disponibilità a sostenere economicamente pratiche di gestione sostenibile finalizzate alla loro conservazione e valorizzazione. A tal fine, è stata condotta un’indagine mediante questionario standardizzato somministrato online, dalla quale sono stati ottenuti 2.000 questionari validi. I dati raccolti sono stati analizzati attraverso metodologie statistiche ed econometriche basate sui principali approcci delle preferenze dichiarate, in particolare la valutazione contingente e gli esperimenti di scelta (choice experiments), integrati con scale psicometriche per l’analisi degli atteggiamenti e delle percezioni individuali. I mercati ipotetici proposti ai partecipanti sono stati costruiti in riferimento agli obiettivi della Strategia Nazionale per la Biodiversità 2030 e della Strategia europea Farm to Fork. L’analisi ha consentito di valutare i trade-off associati alla disponibilità a pagare per diversi attributi ambientali, tra cui l’estensione delle superfici agricole biologiche, il miglioramento della qualità degli habitat, il sequestro di carbonio e l’implementazione di infrastrutture verdi quali aree forestali di infiltrazione, fasce tampone e zone umide. Le risposte sono state inoltre esaminate in relazione alle caratteristiche socio-demografiche dei partecipanti. I risultati evidenziano un elevato interesse verso le tematiche ambientali e i servizi ecosistemici, accompagnato tuttavia da una limitata conoscenza delle dinamiche che caratterizzano gli ambienti agricoli e forestali, fenomeno particolarmente evidente tra gli individui di età più avanzata e nella popolazione maschile. Emergono inoltre forti preferenze per i servizi ecosistemici di regolazione direttamente collegati alla salute umana e alla resilienza ambientale, quali il miglioramento della qualità dell’acqua e dell’aria. Le stime econometriche mostrano una significativa propensione della popolazione italiana a sostenere, anche attraverso l’impiego di risorse pubbliche nazionali ed europee, l’adozione di pratiche agricole e forestali più sostenibili e meno impattanti. Pur considerando i limiti tipici delle indagini online, tra cui i bias ipotetici e la difficoltà di rappresentare uniformemente tutte le classi di età, lo studio fornisce un quadro aggiornato e robusto delle preferenze sociali in materia di gestione sostenibile del territorio in Italia. I risultati offrono indicazioni rilevanti per i decisori politici e i pianificatori territoriali, evidenziando come la quantificazione e la valorizzazione economica dei servizi ecosistemici possano supportare l’implementazione di strumenti quali i Pagamenti per i Servizi Ecosistemici (PES). Tali meccanismi consentono di remunerare adeguatamente gli operatori agricoli e forestali per il loro contributo alla tutela del capitale naturale, riconoscendo il ruolo strategico di questi settori non solo nella produzione di beni privati, ma anche nella salvaguardia della sicurezza ecologica e della sostenibilità ambientale del Paese.
Valutazione economica dei servizi ecosistemici nel sistema agro-forestale italiano
PASSERINI, MARCO
2025/2026
Abstract
This research analyzes and quantifies the economic and social value of ecosystem services provided by the Italian agricultural and forestry system, within a context characterized by the progressive reduction of agricultural land and increasing anthropogenic pressure on natural and semi-natural ecosystems. The study aims to investigate the level of knowledge, perception, and awareness among Italian citizens regarding ecosystem services, as well as their willingness to financially support sustainable management practices aimed at their conservation and enhancement. To this end, a survey was conducted using a standardized online questionnaire, yielding 2,000 valid responses. The collected data were analyzed through statistical and econometric methodologies based on primary stated preference approaches—specifically, contingent valuation and choice experiments—integrated with psychometric scales to analyze individual attitudes and perceptions. The hypothetical markets presented to the participants were designed in reference to the goals of the National Biodiversity Strategy 2030 and the European Farm to Fork Strategy. The analysis enabled the evaluation of trade-offs associated with the willingness to pay for various environmental attributes, including the expansion of organic agricultural land, the improvement of habitat quality, carbon sequestration, and the implementation of green infrastructures, such as forested infiltration areas, buffer strips, and wetlands. Furthermore, the responses were examined in relation to the socio-demographic characteristics of the participants. The results highlight a high level of interest in environmental issues and ecosystem services, which is, however, accompanied by limited knowledge of the dynamics characterizing agricultural and forestry environments. This phenomenon is particularly evident among older individuals and the male population. In addition, strong preferences emerge for regulating ecosystem services directly linked to human health and environmental resilience, such as the improvement of water and air quality. Econometric estimates show a significant propensity among the Italian population to support—including through the allocation of national and European public resources—the adoption of more sustainable and lower-impact agricultural and forestry practices. While considering the typical limitations of online surveys, including hypothetical biases and the difficulty of uniformly representing all age groups, the study provides an updated and robust framework of social preferences regarding sustainable land management in Italy. These findings offer relevant insights for policymakers and territorial planners, demonstrating how the quantification and economic valuation of ecosystem services can support the implementation of instruments such as Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES). Such mechanisms allow for the adequate remuneration of agricultural and forestry operators for their contribution to the protection of natural capital, recognizing the strategic role of these sectors not only in the production of private goods but also in safeguarding the ecological security and environmental sustainability of the country.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/110246