The majority of research in cognition takes a human viewpoint, intending cognitive abilities as a result of brain processes. However, recent findings suggest that investigating cognitive processes in living beings without a neural substrate. A first step in this direction was made possible thanks to the advanced study of kinematics in plants. There is a biological trend in linking actions and movements to cognition (Castiello, 2023) intending it as a universal characteristic of multicellular aneural organisms such as plants. After Darwin's observation (1859), the idea that plants are beings able to percieve, elaborate enviromental information and making the appropriate decisions started to take hold in scientific literature. In this sense, actions in aneural organisms aren't just an automatic reaction to enviromental stimuli, but an element with intentionality, each one with kinematic patterns that reveal different characteristics based on the social or individual context in which the action itself takes place. In the present thesis, we will investigate these aspects of plant movement, focusing on social intentionality, with the goal to help expand the study of these abilites to all living kingdoms. The first chapter will offer a brief panoramic on cognition, giving its definition and the various classical theories, contrasted to alternative ones that could help in explaining cognitive activities in aneural species such as plants. The second chapter will introduce plants as an effective model for the study of cognition, focusing on their perception and intelligence; social capabilities: movements; and the social intention expressed through joint actions. The third chapter will present the research done, in which the social behaviours of pea plants (Pisum sativum L.) were investigated through the comparison of kinematic analyses on growing movements of plants towards a support, both individually and in couples. The objective of the research is to understand whether or not climbing plants produce different behaviours and kinematic patterns due to social intention introduced with the second condition, demonstrating social intentionality, as if to try to influence the social companion's behaviour, other than the motor intentionality in trying to grasp the support. Then the data obtained for the considered depended variables will be discussed. From the data it was possible to confirm that the experimental manipulation has generated differential growth and behaviour in the social condition, confirming the hypothesis that plants adapt their intentionality based on the presence of social companions. At the end of the chapter, the conclusion on the research will be presented.
La maggior parte degli studi nell’ambito cognitivo assumono la prospettiva degli umani, intendendo le capacità cognitive come risultato dei processi cerebrali. Tuttavia, recenti scoperte ci indicano come sia possibile indagare i processi cognitivi in altri esseri viventi privi di un substrato neurale. Un primo passo in questa direzione è stato reso possibile grazie allo studio avanzato della cinematica nelle piante. Esiste infatti una tendenza biologica a collegare le azioni ed i movimenti alla cognizione (Castiello, 2023), intendendola così come una caratteristica universale tra tutti gli esseri viventi, compresi organismi unicellulari come batteri o lieviti ed organismi pluricellulari aneurali come le piante. Dopo le osservazioni di Darwin (1859), infatti, l’idea che le piante siano organismi in grado di percepire, elaborare informazioni ambientali e sociali e prendere decisioni appropriate a queste, ha iniziato a prendere piede nella letteratura scientifica. In questo senso, l’azione, anche in organismi non neurali non sarebbe solo una reazione automatica a stimoli ambientali, ma un elemento dotato di intenzionalità motoria, ciascuna con configurazioni cinematiche che ne rivelano caratteristiche diverse in base alle peculiarità degli oggetti ambientali o del contesto sociale o individuale in cui si verifica l’azione stessa. Nella presente tesi, ci occuperemo di indagare questi aspetti del movimento vegetale, in particolare concentrandosi sulla cognizione ed intenzionalità sociale, con lo scopo di aiutare ad ampliare lo studio di queste capacità a tutti i regni dei viventi. Nel primo capitolo verrà offerta una breve panoramica sulla cognizione, dandone la definizione ed i vari modelli e teorie classiche, contrastati a teorie alternative che potrebbero essere d’aiuto nello spiegare le attività cognitive in specie aneurali come le piante. Il secondo capitolo si occuperà di introdurre le piante come un efficace modello comparato per lo studio della cognizione, approfondendo in esse: capacità percettive ed intelligenza; capacità sociali; i loro movimenti; ed infine le intenzioni sociali espresse in queste azioni tramite movimenti congiunti. Il terzo capitolo presenterà il lavoro di ricerca svolto, nel quale sono stati indagati i comportamenti motori sociali di piante di pisello (Pisum sativum L.), tramite la comparazione di analisi cinematiche compiute sui movimenti di crescita delle piante verso un supporto, osservate individualmente o in coppia. Lo scopo della ricerca è capire se, nelle piante rampicanti, le intenzioni sociali introdotte con la manipolazione nella seconda condizione producano comportamenti e caratteristiche cinematiche diversi dalla condizione individuale, dimostrando dunque intenzionalità di tipo sociale, cercando di influenzare il comportamento del compagno sociale, oltre a quella motoria nell’afferrare il supporto. Successivamente, verranno presentati i dati ottenuti per le variabili dipendenti considerate, e questi verranno discussi. Dai dati ottenuti è stato possibile confermare che la manipolazione sperimentale ha generato comportamenti e crescita differenziali nella condizione sociale, confermando l’ipotesi che le piante adattano la loro intenzionalità in base alla presenza di compagni sociali. Alla fine del capitolo, verranno poi offerte le conclusioni sulla ricerca.
Comportamento e cognizione sociale nelle piante: un' analisi cinematica in Pisum sativum
BASSI, DAVIDE
2025/2026
Abstract
The majority of research in cognition takes a human viewpoint, intending cognitive abilities as a result of brain processes. However, recent findings suggest that investigating cognitive processes in living beings without a neural substrate. A first step in this direction was made possible thanks to the advanced study of kinematics in plants. There is a biological trend in linking actions and movements to cognition (Castiello, 2023) intending it as a universal characteristic of multicellular aneural organisms such as plants. After Darwin's observation (1859), the idea that plants are beings able to percieve, elaborate enviromental information and making the appropriate decisions started to take hold in scientific literature. In this sense, actions in aneural organisms aren't just an automatic reaction to enviromental stimuli, but an element with intentionality, each one with kinematic patterns that reveal different characteristics based on the social or individual context in which the action itself takes place. In the present thesis, we will investigate these aspects of plant movement, focusing on social intentionality, with the goal to help expand the study of these abilites to all living kingdoms. The first chapter will offer a brief panoramic on cognition, giving its definition and the various classical theories, contrasted to alternative ones that could help in explaining cognitive activities in aneural species such as plants. The second chapter will introduce plants as an effective model for the study of cognition, focusing on their perception and intelligence; social capabilities: movements; and the social intention expressed through joint actions. The third chapter will present the research done, in which the social behaviours of pea plants (Pisum sativum L.) were investigated through the comparison of kinematic analyses on growing movements of plants towards a support, both individually and in couples. The objective of the research is to understand whether or not climbing plants produce different behaviours and kinematic patterns due to social intention introduced with the second condition, demonstrating social intentionality, as if to try to influence the social companion's behaviour, other than the motor intentionality in trying to grasp the support. Then the data obtained for the considered depended variables will be discussed. From the data it was possible to confirm that the experimental manipulation has generated differential growth and behaviour in the social condition, confirming the hypothesis that plants adapt their intentionality based on the presence of social companions. At the end of the chapter, the conclusion on the research will be presented.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/110659