Plant-associated environments represent important reservoirs and transmission pathways for antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Agricultural practices, particularly the widespread use of plant protection products (PPPs), can impose selective pressures that promote resistant bacteria and facilitate the horizontal transfer of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). Members of the K. pneumoniae species complex are of particular concern due to their ecological versatility, capacity to colonize plants, animals, and humans, and ability to acquire resistance and virulence determinants via mobile genetic elements and contributing to the emergence of multidrug-resistant and hypervirulent pathogens. This study investigated the effects of herbicide glyphosate (GLP) and 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) exposure, on antimicrobial susceptibility and adaptive responses in Klebsiella pneumoniae. Sub-inhibitory herbicide exposure was examined for its potential role in modulating antibiotic resistance. Comparative analyses were conducted between a wild-type strain (MGH 78578) and a mutant strain (78578 1.9xn) to assess differences in susceptibility to clinically relevant antibiotics, such as fosfomycin and tetracycline. The mutant strain exhibited altered fosfomycin susceptibility compared to the wild type, with glyphosate exposure differentially affecting minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) in a strain-dependent manner. In the presence of glyphosate, the MIC of fosfomycin decreased in the wild-type strain but increased in the mutant strain. In the absence of glyphosate, the mutant strain exhibited lower MIC values than the wild type; however, upon combined exposure to fosfomycin and glyphosate, the mutant’s MIC exceeded that of the wild type. This differential response suggests a competitive interaction at the level of membrane transport, potentially affecting fosfomycin uptake and resulting in altered antibiotic susceptibility between the strains. Whole-genome sequencing using Oxford Nanopore Technology (ONT) was employed to investigate potential differences in the methylome between the mutant and control strains. However, no statistically significant differences in methylation patterns were detected. Flow cytometry analysis revealed increased cell fragmentation and reduced viability in the mutant strain compared to wild-type strain, particularly following exposure to 0.25x and 1.5x tetracycline, and 1.5x MCPA concentrations. These results suggest that the mutant strain is more sensitive to these treatments, resulting in reduced cell viability. Further methylome and flow cytometry analyses may help clarify the mechanisms underlying herbicide-driven modulation of antibiotic resistance, for which analytical protocols were developed in this study. Overall, this study highlights the complex interactions between herbicide exposure and antimicrobial resistance in plant-associated bacteria and emphasizes the importance of integrating agricultural practices into AMR surveillance and mitigation strategies within a One Health framework.
Gli ambienti associati alle piante rappresentano importanti fonti e vie di diffusione della resistenza antimicrobica (AMR). Le pratiche agricole, in particolare l’uso diffuso dei prodotti fitosanitari (PPP), possono esercitare pressioni selettive che favoriscono la proliferazione di batteri resistenti e il trasferimento orizzontale dei geni di resistenza agli antimicrobici (ARGs). I membri del complesso di specie di Klebsiella pneumoniae destano particolare preoccupazione per la loro elevata versatilità ecologica, la capacità di colonizzare piante, animali ed esseri umani e la predisposizione ad acquisire determinanti di resistenza e virulenza attraverso elementi genetici mobili, contribuendo così all’emergere di patogeni multiresistenti e ipervirulenti. Il presente studio ha analizzato gli effetti dell’esposizione agli erbicidi glifosato (GLP) e acido 2-metil-4-clorofenossiacetico (MCPA) sulla suscettibilità antimicrobica e sulle risposte adattative di Klebsiella pneumoniae. In particolare, è stata valutata l’esposizione a concentrazioni sub-inibitorie di erbicidi per approfondirne il possibile ruolo nella modulazione della resistenza agli antibiotici. A tal fine, sono state condotte analisi comparative tra un ceppo wild-type (MGH 78578) e un ceppo mutante (78578 1.9xn) per evidenziare eventuali differenze nella suscettibilità ad antibiotici di rilevanza clinica, quali fosfomicina e tetraciclina. Il ceppo mutante ha mostrato una suscettibilità alterata alla fosfomicina rispetto al wild type, con effetti del glifosato differenti in funzione del ceppo analizzato. In presenza di glifosato, la concentrazione minima inibente (MIC) della fosfomicina è diminuita nel ceppo wild type, mentre è aumentata nel mutante. In assenza di glifosato, il ceppo mutante presentava valori di MIC inferiori rispetto al wild type; tuttavia, in condizioni di esposizione combinata a fosfomicina e glifosato, la MIC del mutante è risultata superiore rispetto a quella del wild type. Questa risposta differenziale suggerisce una possibile interazione competitiva a livello dei trasportatori di membrana, in grado di influenzare l’ingresso della fosfomicina nella cellula e determinare variazioni nella suscettibilità antibiotica tra i due ceppi. Al fine di investigare eventuali differenze nel metiloma tra il ceppo mutante e il controllo, è stato effettuato il sequenziamento genomico completo mediante tecnologia Oxford Nanopore (ONT). Tuttavia, non sono state osservate differenze statisticamente significative nei pattern di metilazione. L’analisi mediante citometria a flusso ha evidenziato un aumento della frammentazione cellulare e una riduzione della vitalità nel ceppo mutante rispetto al wild type, in particolare dopo esposizione a concentrazioni pari a 0.25x e 1.5x di tetraciclina e a 1.5x di MCPA. Tali risultati suggeriscono una maggiore sensibilità del ceppo mutante ai trattamenti considerati, con conseguente riduzione della vitalità cellulare. Ulteriori analisi del metiloma e studi di citometria a flusso potranno contribuire a chiarire i meccanismi alla base della modulazione della resistenza antibiotica indotta dagli erbicidi, per i quali nel presente studio sono stati sviluppati specifici protocolli analitici. Nel complesso, questo lavoro evidenzia la complessità delle interazioni tra esposizione agli erbicidi e resistenza antimicrobica nei batteri associati alle piante, sottolineando l’importanza di integrare le pratiche agricole nelle strategie di sorveglianza e mitigazione dell’AMR secondo l’approccio One Health.
Analisi degli effetti di due erbicidi di uso comune sulla resistenza antimicrobica in Klebsiella pneumoniae
PASSERI, ARIANNA
2025/2026
Abstract
Plant-associated environments represent important reservoirs and transmission pathways for antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Agricultural practices, particularly the widespread use of plant protection products (PPPs), can impose selective pressures that promote resistant bacteria and facilitate the horizontal transfer of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). Members of the K. pneumoniae species complex are of particular concern due to their ecological versatility, capacity to colonize plants, animals, and humans, and ability to acquire resistance and virulence determinants via mobile genetic elements and contributing to the emergence of multidrug-resistant and hypervirulent pathogens. This study investigated the effects of herbicide glyphosate (GLP) and 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) exposure, on antimicrobial susceptibility and adaptive responses in Klebsiella pneumoniae. Sub-inhibitory herbicide exposure was examined for its potential role in modulating antibiotic resistance. Comparative analyses were conducted between a wild-type strain (MGH 78578) and a mutant strain (78578 1.9xn) to assess differences in susceptibility to clinically relevant antibiotics, such as fosfomycin and tetracycline. The mutant strain exhibited altered fosfomycin susceptibility compared to the wild type, with glyphosate exposure differentially affecting minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) in a strain-dependent manner. In the presence of glyphosate, the MIC of fosfomycin decreased in the wild-type strain but increased in the mutant strain. In the absence of glyphosate, the mutant strain exhibited lower MIC values than the wild type; however, upon combined exposure to fosfomycin and glyphosate, the mutant’s MIC exceeded that of the wild type. This differential response suggests a competitive interaction at the level of membrane transport, potentially affecting fosfomycin uptake and resulting in altered antibiotic susceptibility between the strains. Whole-genome sequencing using Oxford Nanopore Technology (ONT) was employed to investigate potential differences in the methylome between the mutant and control strains. However, no statistically significant differences in methylation patterns were detected. Flow cytometry analysis revealed increased cell fragmentation and reduced viability in the mutant strain compared to wild-type strain, particularly following exposure to 0.25x and 1.5x tetracycline, and 1.5x MCPA concentrations. These results suggest that the mutant strain is more sensitive to these treatments, resulting in reduced cell viability. Further methylome and flow cytometry analyses may help clarify the mechanisms underlying herbicide-driven modulation of antibiotic resistance, for which analytical protocols were developed in this study. Overall, this study highlights the complex interactions between herbicide exposure and antimicrobial resistance in plant-associated bacteria and emphasizes the importance of integrating agricultural practices into AMR surveillance and mitigation strategies within a One Health framework.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/111110