This thesis investigates the relationship between the eugenic thought that developed in Italy during the early twentieth century and the enactment of the Fascist racial laws of 1938. Its central research question is: to what extent did ideological and cultural continuities exist between the eugenic debates of the Liberal era and the institutionalized racism implemented by the Fascist regime? Through a historical and critical analysis, the study reconstructs the process by which policies and discourses concerning the “protection” and “improvement” of the Italian population became institutionalized between 1912 and 1938. Particular attention is devoted to key historical turning points, including the First World War, the postwar period, and the rise of Fascism. Within this framework, the thesis examines the Fascist project of creating the “new Italian,” interpreting it as part of a broader biopolitical strategy aimed at shaping the nation through demographic, public health, and racial policies. The research highlights the ideological continuities linking Fascist racial policy to the positivist culture and the eugenic theories developed by Italian scholars in the early twentieth century, while also identifying the elements of transformation and rupture that accompanied the consolidation of the dictatorship. Ultimately, the thesis challenges the interpretation that Fascist antisemitism was merely a pragmatic or opportunistic consequence of the alliance with Nazi Germany. Instead, it argues that the racial legislation of 1938 should be understood as the culmination of a longer ideological and political process that developed within the Italian context and gradually became more radical over time
La presente tesi si propone di indagare il rapporto tra il pensiero eugenetico sviluppatosi in Italia nei primi decenni del Novecento e l'adozione delle leggi razziali fasciste del 1938, ponendosi una domanda di ricerca centrale: esiste una continuità ideologica e culturale tra il dibattito eugenetico dell'età liberale e il razzismo istituzionalizzato dal regime fascista? Attraverso un'analisi storico-critica, il lavoro ricostruisce il processo di istituzionalizzazione delle politiche e dei discorsi sulla "difesa" e sul "miglioramento" della popolazione italiana tra il 1912 e il 1938, evidenziando il ruolo svolto da passaggi storici fondamentali quali la Prima guerra mondiale, il dopoguerra e l'avvento del fascismo. In questo contesto, viene esaminato il progetto fascista di costruzione dell'«uomo nuovo», inteso come parte di una più ampia strategia biopolitica volta a intervenire sul corpo della nazione attraverso politiche demografiche, sanitarie e razziali. La ricerca mette in luce le continuità con la cultura positivista e con le elaborazioni degli eugenisti italiani del primo Novecento, senza trascurare gli elementi di trasformazione e di rottura che accompagnarono il consolidamento della dittatura. L'obiettivo è mostrare come il razzismo fascista non possa essere interpretato esclusivamente come una scelta opportunistica o utilitaristica dettata dall'alleanza con la Germania nazista, ma come l'esito di un percorso ideologico e politico maturato nel contesto italiano e progressivamente radicalizzatosi fino alla legislazione razziale del 1938
Dall'eugenetica al razzismo istituzionale fascista: continuità e trasformazioni del progetto biopolitico italiano (1912-1938)
CASOLI, LUIGI
2025/2026
Abstract
This thesis investigates the relationship between the eugenic thought that developed in Italy during the early twentieth century and the enactment of the Fascist racial laws of 1938. Its central research question is: to what extent did ideological and cultural continuities exist between the eugenic debates of the Liberal era and the institutionalized racism implemented by the Fascist regime? Through a historical and critical analysis, the study reconstructs the process by which policies and discourses concerning the “protection” and “improvement” of the Italian population became institutionalized between 1912 and 1938. Particular attention is devoted to key historical turning points, including the First World War, the postwar period, and the rise of Fascism. Within this framework, the thesis examines the Fascist project of creating the “new Italian,” interpreting it as part of a broader biopolitical strategy aimed at shaping the nation through demographic, public health, and racial policies. The research highlights the ideological continuities linking Fascist racial policy to the positivist culture and the eugenic theories developed by Italian scholars in the early twentieth century, while also identifying the elements of transformation and rupture that accompanied the consolidation of the dictatorship. Ultimately, the thesis challenges the interpretation that Fascist antisemitism was merely a pragmatic or opportunistic consequence of the alliance with Nazi Germany. Instead, it argues that the racial legislation of 1938 should be understood as the culmination of a longer ideological and political process that developed within the Italian context and gradually became more radical over time| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/111974